Formation mechanism of a carbonate geothermal system and calculation of the reservoir temperature under complex conditions

<p class="BodyA">South Manokwari Regency is a new autonomous region in West Papua Province with abundant natural resources. As a new autonomous region South Manokwari Regency will be experiencing significant population growth. Population growth along with development and modernization will give burden to electricity demand. Alternatively, electricity can be provided with geothermal resources in Momiwaren District. Based on survey conducted by the government through the Geology Resources Centre in 2009, the reservoir temperature of the geothermal sources is 84<sup>o</sup>C with non volcanic geothermal system. Thus, the geothermal resources in South Manokwari Regency could be developed into binary cycle electric generator.</p>

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Casing setting depth and design of production well in water-dominated geothermal system with 330 °C reservoir temperature

Energy Reports ◽

10.1016/j.egyr.2020.02.013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 582-593

Author(s):

B.T.H. Marbun ◽

R.H. Ridwan ◽

H.S. Nugraha ◽

S.Z. Sinaga ◽

B.A. Purbantanu

Keyword(s):

Geothermal System ◽

Production Well ◽

Reservoir Temperature

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Formation Evaluation and Contingent Storage Capacity Estimation for Carbon Capture Storage and Utilization: A Case Study from East Natuna

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v12n4p151 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 151

Author(s):

Jeres Rorym Cherdasa ◽

Ken Prabowo ◽

Tutuka Ariadji ◽

Benyamin Sapiie ◽

Zuher Syihab

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Data Storage ◽

Carbon Capture ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Water Saturation ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Working Fluid ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Well Testing ◽

Reservoir Temperature

East Natuna is well known for its humongous natural gas reserves with a high CO2 content. The high quantity of carbon dioxide requires implementation cutting-edge capture and storage process in its development plan which comes at a high cost. In order to increase the economic feasibility of the area, the impurities are proposed to be utilized CO2 as working fluid further to generate electricity through Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). Carbon dioxide has been proven to be a better fluid for EGS as it could reach super critical state in much lower pressure and temperature compared to brine water. Sokang Trough Area in East Natuna Basin was selected as a candidate for pilot project due to its favorable geological condition.Carbon Capture Storage and Utilization (CCSU) especially EGS in sedimentary basin requires a suitable reservoir that fulfills several geological and engineering parameters. Firstly, it should porous enough to store fluid and permeable to flow it. The storage should also be deep enough to retain temperature above 87.98°F and pressure above 1071 psi in order to keep the CO2 in supercritical phase. Even further, EGS requires a minimum reservoir temperature of ±300°F to be technologically viable. In order to avoid vertical unintended migration, the reservoir should have high water saturation instead of gas saturation. Lastly, the seal should be able to confine the injected CO2 column within the storage.Formation evaluation workflow adapted for CCSU was employed in this study. Porosity, water saturation and permeability was estimated through deterministic approach. Formation pressure was calculated using Eaton’s equation. Reservoir temperature was estimated from available well testing data. Storage capacity was estimated for the whole structure with several cases. Considering all those parameters, several suitable reservoirs were able to be delineated in the CCS-1 well that is located within the East Natuna area.

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Chemical and isotopic signatures of hot springs from east-central Sonora State, Mexico: a new prospection survey of promissory low-to-medium temperature geothermal systems

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas ◽

10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2018.2.397 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 116-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Erika Almirudis ◽

Edgar R. Santoyo-Gutiérrez ◽

Mirna Guevara ◽

Francisco Paz-Moreno ◽

Enrique Portugal

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Major And Trace Elements ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Reservoir Temperature ◽

Medium Temperature ◽

Isotopic Signatures ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

The Mean

A promissory low-to-medium temperature geothermal system located in Sonora (Mexico) has been studied. In the present work, a detailed geochemical survey was carried out to understand the hydrogeochemical signatures of hot spring waters. A field work campaign was conducted for collecting water samples from twelve hot springs placed in four major zones (NW, NE, C, and S). The collected samples were analysed by chemical and isotopic methods for determining their chemical (major and trace elements) and isotopic (18O/16O and D/H) compositions. Using geochemometric analyses of the fluid composition and fractionation, depletion and enrichment processes exhibited by major and trace elements were analysed. Hydrogeochemical classification was used to indicate the presence of sodium-sulphate (Na-SO4) waters in the North (NW and NE) and South hydrothermal zones; whereas calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate (Ca-Mg-HCO3) waters were identified for the Central zone. Some hot spring waters located in the NE zone were also typified as sodium-bicarbonate (Na-HCO3). In relation to the isotopic signatures of 18O/16O and D/H, four water samples from NE and C zones lie near to the global meteoric water line; whereas the remaining eight samples showed a shift for both oxygen and deuterium isotopes. A mixing line with a small shift of δ18O was identified and used as a proxy to discriminate waters with different isotopic signatures. After applying a geochemometric outliers detection/rejection and an iterative ANOVA statistical test, the mean temperature inferred from the most reliable solute geothermometers was 149±40 °C, which suggests to be considered as the minimum value of the reservoir temperature. As most of the hot spring waters fall outside of the full equilibrium curve, the original reservoir conditions were corrected by using a mixing conductive model, which predicted a deep equilibrium temperature of 210±11 °C. As this temperature is considerably higher than the mean temperature inferred from the geothermometers, it was suggested as an optimistic maximum reservoir temperature of the Sonora geothermal system. Using 150 °C and 200 °C as rounded-off reservoir temperatures (or min-max estimates), geochemical equilibria modelling based on fluid-mineral stability diagrams was carried out. An equilibrium process among local hydrothermal waters and albite-potassium feldespar and muscovite-prehnite-laumontite mineral assemblages was found. These minerals were proposed as representative mineral assemblages of low-grade metamorphism, which seems to indicate that the geothermal fluid equilibria were probably reached within the intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks from the Tarahumara Formation.

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Preliminary Fluid Geochemical Survey in Tete Province and Prospective Development of Geothermics in Mozambique

10.21203/rs.3.rs-965179/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monia Procesi ◽

L. Marini ◽

D. Cinti ◽

A. Sciarra ◽

P. Basile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geothermal Energy ◽

Circulation Model ◽

Thermal Springs ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Reservoir Temperature ◽

Magmatic System ◽

Isotopic Data ◽

Prospective Development ◽

Geochemical Characterization ◽

Low Salinity

Abstract An evaluation of the feasible development of geothermal energy in Mozambique is proposed based on some thermal springs geochemical characterization in the Tete region. Chemical and isotopic data suggest that the springs have a meteoric origin and do not show connection with any active magmatic system. The proposed circulation model suggests high depths infiltration of meteoric waters along faults and fractures in a system characterised by discrete permeability and reservoir temperature between 90 and 120°C. These results, jointly with low salinity fluids and corrosive components absence suggest that the geothermal system may be conveniently exploited for direct and indirect uses.

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The main geothermal reservoirs in the south Algeria and their interest for local economic development

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20198001006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 80 ◽

pp. 01006

Author(s):

Abdelkader Ait-Ouali ◽

Salima Ouali ◽

MM Hadjiat ◽

Khaled Imessad

Keyword(s):

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Local Economic Development ◽

Geothermal Reservoir ◽

Thermal Waters ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Geochemical Analysis ◽

Reservoir Temperature ◽

Hot Arid Climate ◽

Very High

The study area is one of the important geothermal provinces in south Algeria. It is characterized by a hot arid climate with intense dryness and very high evaporation rates. The Albian geothermal system is exploited by the wells mainly for domestic and agricultural purposes. The sandstone Continental Intercalary (CI) formation constitutes the reservoir for the Albian aquifer, covering an area of 600,000 km2. This reservoir is covered by calcareous formations which yield the chemical characteristics of highly mineralized Na-Cl type representing the deep thermal waters and Ca-SO4 type determined the presence of evaporate lithology . For a better understanding of geothermal reservoir characteristic, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted, including hydrogeochemistry and geothermometry. More than fifty samples collected from wells recently in 2017 with a temperature average between 38 and 60° C and conductivities range from 2010 to 3460 μS/cm. Geochemical analysis of those thermal waters exhibits a certain degree of salinity with sodium-chloride type waters domination. The maximal geothermal reservoir temperature estimated using geothermometry is about 120°C.

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Geochemistry Exploration and Geothermometry Application in the North Zone of Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar District, Indonesia

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12234442 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 4442 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rinaldi Idroes ◽

Muhammad Yusuf ◽

Saiful Saiful ◽

Muksin Alatas ◽

Subhan Subhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Water Analysis ◽

Type A ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Water Type ◽

Reservoir Temperature ◽

Triangle Diagram ◽

The North ◽

Sulphate Water

A geochemistry study has been done in four geothermal manifestations—Ie-Seu’um, Ie-Brôuk, Ie-Jue and the Van-Heutz crater—located in the north zone of Seulawah Agam mountain (Aceh Besar District, Indonesia). The study was performed through water and gas analysis. Water analysis were done for all geothermal manifestations, but gas analysis was only done for the Ie-Jue manifestation that has fumaroles. Cation and anion contents were analyzed by ion chromatography, ICP-OES, alkalimetry titrations, and spectrophotometry, meanwhile isotopes were measured by a Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer. The resulting data were used for fluid and gas geothermometry calculations, and plotted in a FT-CO2 Cross-Plot and a CH4-CO2-H2S triangle diagram to obtain reservoir temperatures. The data were also plotted by a Cl-HCO3-SO4 triangle and Piper diagram to obtain the water type and dominant chemical composition, a Na-K-Mg triangle diagram to obtain fluid equilibria, the isotope ratio in the stable isotope plot to obtain the origin of water, and a N2-He-Ar triangle diagram to establish the origin of fumaroles. The water analysis results showed that (1) Ie-Seu’um has an average reservoir temperature of 241.9 ± 0.3 °C, a chloride water type, a dominant Na-K-Cl chemical composition, a mature water fluid equilibrium, and water of meteoric origin; (2) Ie-Brôuk has an average reservoir temperature of 321.95 ± 13.4 °C, a bicarbonate water type, a dominant Na-Ca-HCO3chemical composition, an immature water fluid equilibrium, and water of meteoric origin; (3) Ie-Jue has an average reservoir temperature of 472.4 ± 91.4 °C, a sulphate water type, a dominant Ca-SO4 chemical composition, an immature water fluid equilibrium and water of meteoric origin; and (4) the Van-Heutz crater has an average reservoir temperature of 439.3 ± 95.3 °C, a sulphate water type, a dominant Ca-SO4 chemical composition, an immature water fluid equilibrium and water of magmatic origin. The results of our gas analysis showed that Ie-Jue has an average reservoir temperature of 258.85 °C, and water of meteoric origin. Based on the reservoir temperatures, the geothermal manifestation of the north zone of Seulawah Agam mountain is considered as a high-temperature geothermal system suitable for power plant development.

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Characteristics and formation mechanism of the Olkaria geothermal system, Kenya revealed by well temperature data

Geothermics ◽

10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102243 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 97 ◽

pp. 102243

Author(s):

Yizuo Shi ◽

Eric Rop ◽

Zecheng Wang ◽

Guangzheng Jiang ◽

Shejiao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Formation Mechanism ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Geothermal System

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Factors Controlling of Thermal Water Hydrogeochemical Characteristics in Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan

Water ◽

10.3390/w12092473 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2473

Author(s):

Hung-Hsiang Hsu ◽

Hsin-Fu Yeh

Keyword(s):

Thermal Water ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Stream Water ◽

Saturation Index ◽

Thermal Waters ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Reservoir Temperature ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

Geochemical Composition

The Tatun geothermal system is located in Northern Taiwan and is hosted by the Tatun volcano group (TVG). The variation in the geochemical composition of thermal waters is considered to be an important indicator of volcanic activity. In this study, we analyzed the chemical and isotopic compositions of hot springs in the TVG. A chemical and multicomponent geothermometer was used to estimate the reservoir temperature, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were used to determine the source of the thermal water. The presence of thick andesite and fractures allowed the formation of different type of springs in the center close each other with lower temperatures and acidic springs with higher temperatures at the northeast and southwest sides of the Tatun geothermal field. The saturation index showed that the concentration of SiO2 in the thermal water was controlled by quartz. The multicomponent geothermometer indicated a reservoir temperature between 130 °C and 190 °C, and the geothermal water in Longfengku, Lengshniken, Matsao and Szehuangping may have mixed with shallow groundwater. Isotope data indicated that the stream water and groundwater originated from meteoric water, and the spring water showed a significant oxygen shift, due to water–rock interaction and evaporation. The isotopes of the fluid in the TVG are also affected by the seasonal monsoon. These results can serve as a reference for designing a conceptual model of the spring in the Tatun geothermal system.

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Application of MT dan Gravity Method to Potential Analysis of Kepahiang Geothermal Bengkulu

10.31219/osf.io/wc764 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

ahmad zarkasyi ◽

Boko Nurdiyanto ◽

yunus daud

Keyword(s):

Hot Springs ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Reservoir Rock ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Reservoir Temperature ◽

Geothermal Potential ◽

Cap Rock ◽

Residual Heat

An analysis of geothermal potential in Kepahiang-Bengkulu area using gravity and MT measurements of PSDG has been done. The analysis was conducted on 286 gravity points and 37 MT points spread over the southern part of Mount Kaba to Babakan Bogor hot springs. Kepahiang geothermal system is related to the volcanic activity of Mount Kaba which is still preserving the residual heat from the magma. Based on the gravity residual anomaly, the structure that controls the emerging Sempiang hot springs is estimated to be Sempiang fault that in near north-south direction, while Babakan Bogor hot springs is estimated to be controlled by the Sumatra fault. The cap rocks scatter around Sempiang hot springs start from nearground surface with thickness of between 1500 meters to 2500 meters. Cap rock is a unit of Young Lava of Kaba with resistivity < 10 Ohm-m and density is 2.2 gr/cm3. Geothermal reservoir is estimated to be located under the cap rocks scatter around Sempiang hot prings as indicated by values of 10-60 Ohm-m in resistivity and density is 2.4 gr/cm3. The top of reservoir is estimated to be 1500 meters below the ground surface, these rocks are volcanic products of Old Kaba in form of either lava or pyroclastic. Kepahiang geothermal prospect area scatters 19 km2 wide around Sempiang hot springs which is bound by contrast resistivity and fault. It has potential geothermal of 133 MWe with the assumption of reservoir temperature (geochemistry) is 2500C. Calculation of geothermal potential is included in the classification of expected reserves, as well as the extent and thickness of reservoir rock and fluid physical parameters are estimated based on data integrated geosciences detail depicted in the model tentatively.

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