Climatic conditions and farm practices affected the prevalence of Aspergillus section Flavi on different types of dairy goat's feed

2021 ◽  
Vol 347 ◽  
pp. 109205
Author(s):  
Nur Izzati Azman ◽  
Wan Norazihan Wan-Mustapha ◽  
Yoh Meng Goh ◽  
Hasliza Abu Hassim ◽  
Jinap Selamat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aspergillus Section

scholarly journals Occurrence and Identification of Aspergillus Section Flavi in the Context of the Emergence of Aflatoxins in French Maize

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylviane Bailly ◽  
Anwar Mahgubi ◽  
Amaranta Carvajal-Campos ◽  
Sophie Lorber ◽  
Olivier Puel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Aspergillus Section

Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus section Flavi during their development, particularly in maize. It is widely accepted that AFB1 is a major contaminant in regions where hot climate conditions favor the development of aflatoxigenic species. Global warming could lead to the appearance of AFs in maize produced in Europe. This was the case in 2015, in France, when the exceptionally hot and dry climatic conditions were favorable for AF production. Our survey revealed AF contamination of 6% (n = 114) of maize field samples and of 15% (n = 81) of maize silo samples analyzed. To understand the origin of the contamination, we characterized the mycoflora in contaminated samples and in samples produced in the same geographic and climatic conditions but with no AFs. A special focus was placed on Aspergillus section Flavi. A total of 67 strains of Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated from the samples. As expected, the strains were observed in all AF+ samples and, remarkably, also in almost 40% of AF− samples, demonstrating the presence of these potent toxin producers in fields in France. A. flavus was the most frequent species of the section Flavi (69% of the strains). But surprisingly, A. parasiticus was also a frequent contaminant (28% of the strains), mostly isolated from AF+ samples. This finding is in agreement with the presence of AFG in most of those samples.

Prevalence of Aspergillus species on selected Colombian animal feedstuffs and ability of Aspergillus section Flavi to produce aflatoxins

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Diaz ◽  
M. Lozano ◽  
A. Acuña
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Highperformance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Animal Feedstuffs ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Aspergillus Section

A total of 57 samples of feedstuffs commonly used for animal nutrition in Colombia (maize, soybean, sorghum, cottonseed meal, sunflower seed meal, wheat middlings and rice) were analysed for Aspergillus contamination. Aspergillus fungi were identified at species level and their ability to produce aflatoxins was determined by highperformance liquid chromatography. A total of 31 of the feedstuffs analysed (54.4%) were found to contain Aspergillus spp. The most contaminated substrate was maize (100%) followed by cottonseed meal (80%), sorghum (60%) and wheat middlings (60%). Soybean showed lower levels of contamination (10%). No Aspergillus spp. could be isolated from rice or sunflower seed meal. Total Aspergillus strains isolated were 50, with 28 belonging to section Flavi (56%), 17 to section Nigri (34%), 4 to section Circumdati (8%) and 1 to section Fumigati (2%). Among section Flavi, 17 isolates were identified as A. flavus, seven as A. parasiticus, two as A. oryzae and two as A. tamarii. Production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi was screened by liquid chromatography. About three quarters of the A. flavus strains (76.5%) produced aflatoxin B1 (0.2 to 240.4 µg/g) and aflatoxin B2 (0.2 to 1.6 µg/g), while all A. parasiticus strains produced the four naturally occurring aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 from 0.6 to 83.5 µg/g, aflatoxin B2 from 0.3 to 4.8 µg/g, aflatoxin G1 from 0.4 to 19.3 µg/g and aflatoxin G2 from 0.1 to 1.0 µg/g). This is the first study demonstrating the presence of highly toxigenic Aspergillus fungi in Colombian animal feedstuffs.

Natural maize phytochemicals for control of maize mycoflora and aflatoxigenic fungi

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nesci ◽  
S. Marín ◽  
M. Etcheverry ◽  
V. Sanchis
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Aspergillus Section

This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the natural phytochemicals trans-cinnamic acid (CA) alone at concentrations of 20 and 25 mM, ferulic acid (FA) at concentration of 30 mM and two mixtures, CA-FA (20+30 mM) and CA-FA (25+30 mM) on natural maize mycoflora, Aspergillus section Flavi population and aflatoxin B1 production. These studies were carried out in maize grain in relation to a water activity of 0.99, 0.97 and 0.94. CA at 25 mM and the mixture CA-FA (25+30 mM) were the most effective treatments at inhibiting natural maize mycoflora at all aw assayed after 11 and 35 days of incubation at 25 °C. In general, 20 mM CA caused complete inhibition of Aspergillus section Flavi population at all aw values tested during all incubation period without an additional inoculum. 20 mM CA and 25 mM CA showed the major inhibitory effect on aflatoxin B1 accumulation of control and Aspergillus section Flavi additionally inoculated during all incubation periods. The data showed that CA and FA could be considered as effective fungitoxicants for natural maize mycoflora and aflatoxigenic fungi in the aw range 0.99 to 0.94. The information obtained shows promise for controlling aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin B and G contamination in imported peanuts and Aspergillus section Flavi of the causing fungi

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi OKANO ◽  
Tsuneyoshi TOMITA ◽  
Yuko KUMEDA ◽  
Keiko MATSUMARU ◽  
Masakatsu ICHINOE
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Aspergillus Section

scholarly journals Epidermis structure in Mesembryanthemaceae

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 937-937
Author(s):  
H. -D. Ihlenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bladder Cells ◽  
Epidermis Structure

The Mesembryanthemaceae, which inhabit the deserts and semi-deserts of Southern Africa, exhibit two very different types of epidermis. The first is characterized by thick outer cell walls encrusted by oxalate crystals, a thick cuticle and thick wax layers. In the second type, the epidermal cells exhibit only very thin outer cell walls, not encrusted by oxalate crystals, a very thin cuticle, and wax layers are poorly developed; the most prominent feature of this type is the occurrence of huge idioblasts often protruding as ‘bladder cells’. With regard to the climatic conditions in the native habitats this type of epidermis must be called ‘abnormal’. Both types of epidermis may form sculptures of three distinct size classes, which are not necessarily homologous. The function of these sculptures is still poorly understood. There is evidence that the sculptures influence the optical properties of the surfaces and thereby the radiation balance (and heat stress) of the leaves.From recent research, it has become evident that the two different types of epidermis are the anatomical expression of two different strategies for survival under extreme conditions. Species with the idioblast type of epidermis exhibit a strategy that might be called ‘opportunistic’. These species have developed a mechanism of gaining water from the atmosphere during the night under favourable conditions. There are indications that the idioblasts are involved in this mechanism.

Aspergillus pseudotamarii, a new aflatoxin producing species in Aspergillus section Flavi

2001 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Ito ◽  
Stephen W. Peterson ◽  
Donald T. Wicklow ◽  
Tetsuhisa Goto
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Aspergillus Section

Mold Counts and Aspergillus Section Flavi Populations in Rice and Its By-Products from the Philippines

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY C. SALES ◽  
TAKUMI YOSHIZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rice ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Aspergillus Section Flavi ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Rice Milling ◽  
By Products ◽  
Aspergillus Section

Mold counts and Aspergillus section Flavi populations in rice and its by-products from the Philippines were examined. The average mold counts of rough rice, brown rice, and locally produced polished rice were 4.1 × 103, 1.0 × 103, and 1.1 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. Average Aspergillus section Flavi counts of the same samples were 3.0 × 102, 1.1 × 102, and 2.6 × 102 CFU/g, respectively. Twenty-seven percent of mold isolates from rough rice, polished rice, and brown rice were section Flavi spp., 31% of which were toxigenic. No section Flavi isolates were obtained from imported rice samples from Thailand and Vietnam. Aspergillus section Flavi was also isolated from rice hull, rice bran, and settled dust from rice milling operations. Toxigenic isolates of both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were present in at least one sample of each type of rice and rice by-product except settled dust. Aflatoxins produced in vitro by the isolates ranged from <1 μg/kg to 6,227 μg/kg. A. flavus isolates produced only B aflatoxins, whereas A. parasiticus isolates produced both B and G aflatoxins. Although total mold counts of Philippine rice and its by-products are within tolerable limits, the establishment of maximum limits in counts of potentially aflatoxigenic species in foods and feeds is important because the mere presence of toxin producers is considered a possible risk factor. The results of this research illustrate the need for strict monitoring of rice during both storage and marketing, especially in warm and humid seasons when infestation and consequent production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi is expected.

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