Steam migration and temperature distribution in aquifers during remediation using steam injection

Author(s):  
Ruxue Liu ◽  
Xinru Yang ◽  
Jiayin Xie ◽  
Xiaoyu Li ◽  
Yongsheng Zhao
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Li ◽  
Walter Villanueva ◽  
Markku Puustinen ◽  
Jani Laine ◽  
Pavel Kudinov

The Effective Heat Source (EHS) and Effective Momentum Source (EMS) models have been proposed to predict the development of thermal stratification and mixing during a steam injection into a large pool of water. These effective models are implemented in GOTHIC software and validated against the POOLEX STB-20 and STB-21 tests and the PPOOLEX MIX-01 test. First, the EHS model is validated against STB-20 test which shows the development of thermal stratification. Different numerical schemes and grid resolutions have been tested. A48×114grid with second order scheme is sufficient to capture the vertical temperature distribution in the pool. Next, the EHS and EMS models are validated against STB-21 test. Effective momentum is estimated based on the water level oscillations in the blowdown pipe. An effective momentum selected within the experimental measurement uncertainty can reproduce the mixing details. Finally, the EHS-EMS models are validated against MIX-01 test which has improved space and time resolution of temperature measurements inside the blowdown pipe. Excellent agreement in averaged pool temperature and water level in the pool between the experiment and simulation has been achieved. The development of thermal stratification in the pool is also well captured in the simulation as well as the thermal behavior of the pool during the mixing phase.


2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-308
Author(s):  
Paolo Casoli ◽  
Gabriele Copelli

AbstractDirect steam injection is a sterilization technique which is often used for high-viscosity fluid food, when the preservation of the quality characteristics and energy efficiency are the priority. In this work, an apparatus for the sterilization of tomato concentrate has been analyzed by means of a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, in order to optimize the exchanger performance in terms of temperature distribution inside the product. A multidimensional two-phase model of steam injection inside a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid was adopted to evaluate the thermal history of the product and the condensation rate of the steam injected in the heat exchanger during the thermal process. Subsequently, the CFD analysis has been extended to examine the effects of the different process parameters (sterilization temperature, steam flow rate, radial and axial temperature profiles and nozzle geometry) on the resulting product. Results obtained allowed to understand the effects of process parameters on the behavior of the condensing steam and obtain better performance of the exchanger in terms of temperature distribution of the treated product.


Author(s):  
Massimo Masi ◽  
Paolo Gobbato ◽  
Andrea Toffolo ◽  
Andrea Lazzaretto ◽  
Stefano Cocchi

Proper cooling of the hot components and an optimal temperature distribution at the turbine inlet are fundamental targets for gas turbine combustors. In particular, the temperature distribution at the combustor discharge is a critical issue for the durability of the turbine blades and the high performance of the engine. At present, CFD is a widely used tool to simulate the reacting flow inside gas turbine combustors. This paper presents a numerical analysis of a single can type combustor designed to be fed both with hydrogen and natural gas. The combustor also features a steam injection system to restrain the NOx pollutants. The simulations were carried out to quantify the effect of fuel type and steam injection on the temperature field. The CFD model employs a computationally low cost approach, thus the physical domain is meshed with a coarse grid. A full-scale test campaign was performed on the combustor: temperatures at the liner wall and the combustor outlet were acquired at different operating conditions. These experimental data, which are discussed, were used to evaluate the capability of the present CFD model to predict temperature values for combustor operation with different fuels and steam to fuel ratios.


1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Closmann

Abstract Steam zone growth as a function of time bas been calculated for the case of constant rate steam injection into a preheated reservoir. To simplify the calculation a linear temperature profile has been assumed in the cap and base rock at the start of steam injection. The results indicate that at early times augmentation of steam zone growth due to preheating should be greatest. At longer times the steam zone development becomes close to that calculated with no preheating. Introduction With the increasing application of thermal recovery processes to recover viscous oil, cyclic steam injection has become important in many large-scale projects. In this process the cycle of steam injection followed by oi1 production is repeated a number of times. At the beginning of the second and later cycles, steam is injected into a reservoir that has already been heated but that has lost part of its heat both in produced fluids and by conductive heat loss away from the injection zone. In such a case, the temperature level of the injection zone and the temperature distribution of the surrounding rock will affect the growth of the steam zone developed during the subsequent steam injection. Knowledge of the size of steam zone developed is important in determining the amount of oil displaced and the extent of heating in the reservoir. It is also useful to be able to compute the size of the steam zone for cases where thief zones take most of the injected steam. This paper presents a fairly straightforward method of estimating the steam zone developed in a preheated formation, based on certain simplifying assumptions. Some cases of steam injection into a reservoir at its original temperature have already been considered elsewhere. Because it is difficult or impossible to obtain an accurate representation of the temperature distribution in the reservoir some time after initial heating has taken place, in this work, a linear temperature profile in the cap and base rock is assumed (Figs. 1A and 1B). SPEJ P. 313ˆ


Author(s):  
Massimo Masi ◽  
Paolo Gobbato ◽  
Andrea Toffolo ◽  
Andrea Lazzaretto ◽  
Stefano Cocchi

Proper cooling of the hot components and an optimal temperature distribution at the turbine inlet are fundamental targets for gas turbine combustors. In particular, the temperature distribution at the combustor discharge is a critical issue for the durability of the turbine blades and the high performance of the engine. At present, CFD is a widely used tool to simulate the reacting flow inside gas turbine combustors. This paper presents a numerical analysis of a single can type combustor designed to be fed both with hydrogen and natural gas. The combustor also features a steam injection system to restrain the NOx pollutants. The simulations were carried out to quantify the effect of fuel type and steam injection on the temperature field. The CFD model employs a computationally low cost approach, thus the physical domain is meshed with a coarse grid. A full-scale test campaign was performed on the combustor: temperatures at the liner wall and the combustor outlet were acquired at different operating conditions. These experimental data, which are discussed, were used to evaluate the capability of the present CFD model to predict temperature values for combustor operation with different fuels and steam-fuel ratios.


1994 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 803-809
Author(s):  
Hideo SHIDARA ◽  
Masato ENDO ◽  
Toshihiro CHIDA ◽  
Ryozo WATANABE ◽  
Kenji MIZUGUCHI ◽  
...  

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Kuo ◽  
S.A. Shain ◽  
D.M. Phocas

Abstract This paper deals with production performance for the steam-soak process, as applied to a reservoir where oil is produced by gravity drainage. It is assumed that the steamflooded zone is maintained at a fixed constant temperature and that a portion of the injected heat is transported into the cool zone by radial conduction. On the basis of these assumptions a mathematical model of the production performance has been constructed. The continuity performance has been constructed. The continuity equation is solved by a finite difference method to obtain the distribution of The height of free-oil surface. Then the flow rate and the cumulative oil production are calculated production are calculatedThe results of this study indicate that a large portion of the oil adjacent to the hot zone flows portion of the oil adjacent to the hot zone flows radially toward the production well in the early life. This occurs despite the fact that the formation near the outer boundary remains fairly cold. A high ultimate recovery of oil is predicted for repeated soaks for the case of a thick reservoir containing very viscous oil. The largest improvement in cumulative production from the steam-soak process over primary production is achieved when the hot-zone radius is less than or equal to one-quarter of the outer drainage radius. The further acceleration of oil production is very little for larger hot-zone radii. The time required to achieve a certain cumulative production is found to be cut more than one-half by production is found to be cut more than one-half by halving the well spacing. The selection of a close well spacing is suggested by this result. Introduction The steam-soak process has been a successful method of recovering very viscous oil from an underground reservoir. It involves injection of steam into. an oil-bearing formation for a certain period of time. The well is then closed in for a period of time. The well is then closed in for a short time, after which it is opened for oil production. These steam-injection and oil-production production. These steam-injection and oil-production processes are repeated for a number of cycles until processes are repeated for a number of cycles until the economic limit is reached. Because of the relatively short history of the steam-soak recovery process, field experience alone does not provide process, field experience alone does not provide enough information for estimation of long-term effects. These effects will influence the design of a field steam-soak operation. Therefore, it is desirable to supplement field experience with model studies. For example, a theoretical analysis of steam stimulation has been given by Martin. This paper deals with the production performance of a reservoir in which gravity drainage is the dominant production mechanism. In a previous study, Towson and Boberg predicted gravity drainage production rates utilizing the semisteady-state equation developed by Matthews and Lefkovits. Their predictions were based on the assumption that the zone not flooded by steam was maintained at the original formation temperature and the average temperature in the steamflooded zone varied with time as calculated from an energy balance. On the other hand, Seba and Perry assumed that the formation outside the steamflooded zone was heated to a uniform temperature while the temperature in the flooded region remained constant. They considered that, within the flooded zone, a rate equation obtained by Muskat for an infinite reservoir was applicable. Outside the flooded zone, the Matthews-Lefkovits equation was employed. The influence of temperature, and thus viscosity, on the fluid flow at larger distances from the producing well is important when considering long-term effects. Therefore, a more appropriate temperature distribution than is used in the previously referenced studies is required when previously referenced studies is required when estimating future production rates. The present work aims at combining a temperature distribution, which varies continuously in the part of the reservoir that is being heated by conduction from the hot zone, with a model of the fluid flow. With the temperature distribution specified, the continuity equation will be solved by finite difference methods to obtain the height of the free-oil surface as a function of time and radial distance. The cumulative oil produced can then be predicted. predicted. JPT P. 119


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