scholarly journals Gender differences in preferences of adolescents: Evidence from a large-scale classroom experiment

2022 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 478-522
Author(s):  
Dániel Horn ◽  
Hubert János Kiss ◽  
Tünde Lénárd
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Classroom Experiment

Large-Scale Demonstration Experiment of Mental Imagery Ability

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1089-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Richard Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Introductory Psychology Class ◽  
Imagery Ability ◽  
Psychology Class ◽  
Demonstration Experiment ◽  
And Gender

The present article describes a demonstration experiment used in a large introductory psychology class pertaining to mental imagery ability. The experiment is effective in providing a concrete instance of mental imagery as well as an effective discussion regarding individual differences and gender differences in imagery ability.

Gender differences in academic entrepreneurship: experience, attitudes and outcomes among NSF I-CORPS participants

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alanna Epstein ◽  
Nathalie Duval-Couetil ◽  
Aileen Huang-Saad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technology Commercialization ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Team Interactions

PurposeExpanding access to entrepreneurship training programs can be a method to increase female involvement in technology commercialization only if these programs adequately address the specific challenges facing female faculty and graduate students. In the context of the US National Science Foundation's Innovation Corps (NSF I-Corps) program, this study examines gender differences in prior experience and attitudes towards the training in order to propose improvements to the program design.Design/methodology/approachThis quantitative study uses Pearson's Chi-Square and ANOVA tests on survey data from the I-Corps national program (n = 2,195), which enrolls faculty members, graduate students, postdoctoral researchers and industry experts.FindingsIn comparison to male participants, female I-Corps participants reported less entrepreneurial experience prior to the program, poorer team relationships during the program and lower entrepreneurial intention and technology commercialization readiness at both the beginning and the end of the program. However, no gender differences were found in positive or negative perceptions of the instructional climate or perceptions of program usefulness.Originality/valueThis study is unique as it is based on a large-scale dataset drawn from sites across the United States. The results support potential changes to I-Corps and similar programs, including providing more explicit instructions for tasks with which female participants have less prior experience than males (e.g. in applying for patents), offering guidance for team interactions, and providing mentorship to assess whether low self-efficacy is leading women to underestimate the potential success of their projects.

scholarly journals Gender differences in utilization of services and tobacco cessation outcomes at a state quitline

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia M Allen ◽  
Nicole P Yuan ◽  
Betsy C Wertheim ◽  
Laurie Krupski ◽  
Melanie L Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Utilization Of Services ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Point Prevalence Abstinence ◽  
Current Tobacco

Abstract Research suggests that women may have poorer tobacco cessation outcomes than men; however, the literature is somewhat mixed. Less is known about gender differences in cessation within quitline settings. This study examined gender differences in the utilization of services (i.e., coaching sessions, pharmacotherapy) and tobacco cessation among callers to the Arizona Smokers’ Helpline (ASHLine). The study sample included callers enrolled in ASHLine between January 2011 and June 2016. We tracked number of completed coaching sessions. At the 7-month follow-up, callers retrospectively reported use of cessation pharmacotherapy (gum, patch, or lozenge), as well as current tobacco use. Associations between gender and tobacco cessation were tested using logistic regression models. At month 7, 36.4% of women (3,277/9,004) and 40.3% of men (2,960/7,341) self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence. Compared to men, fewer women reported using pharmacotherapy (women: 71.4% vs. men: 73.6%, p = .01) and completed at least five coaching sessions (women: 35.1% vs. men: 38.5%, p < .01). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, women had significantly lower odds of reporting tobacco cessation than men (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.99). However, after further adjustment for use of pharmacotherapy and coaching, there was no longer a significant relationship between gender and tobacco cessation (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.06). Fewer women than men reported tobacco cessation. Women also had lower utilization of quitline cessation services. Although the magnitude of these differences were small, future research on improving the utilization of quitline services among women may be worth pursuing given the large-scale effects of tobacco.

scholarly journals Gender, Soft Skills, and Patient Experience in Online Physician Reviews: A Large-Scale Text Analysis (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zackary Dunivin ◽  
Lindsay Zadunayski ◽  
Ujjwal Baskota ◽  
Katie Siek ◽  
Jennifer Mankoff
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Patient Experience ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Female Physicians ◽  
Physician Rating ◽  
Physician Reviews

BACKGROUND Online physician reviews are an important source of information for prospective patients. In addition, they represent an untapped resource for studying the effects of gender on the doctor-patient relationship. Understanding gender differences in online reviews is important because it may impact the value of those reviews to patients. Documenting gender differences in patient experience may also help to improve the doctor-patient relationship. This is the first large-scale study of physician reviews to extensively investigate gender bias in online reviews or offer recommendations for improvements to online review systems to correct for gender bias and aid patients in selecting a physician. OBJECTIVE This study examines 154,305 reviews from across the United States for all medical specialties. Our analysis includes a qualitative and quantitative examination of review content and physician rating with regard to doctor and reviewer gender. METHODS A total of 154,305 reviews were sampled from Google Place reviews. Reviewer and doctor gender were inferred from names. Reviews were coded for overall patient experience (negative or positive) by collapsing a 5-star scale and coded for general categories (process, positive/negative soft skills), which were further subdivided into themes. Computational text processing methods were employed to apply this codebook to the entire data set, rendering it tractable to quantitative methods. Specifically, we estimated binary regression models to examine relationships between physician rating, patient experience themes, physician gender, and reviewer gender). RESULTS Female reviewers wrote 60% more reviews than men. Male reviewers were more likely to give negative reviews (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.19; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). Reviews of female physicians were considerably more negative than those of male physicians (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.94-2.14; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). Soft skills were more likely to be mentioned in the reviews written by female reviewers and about female physicians. Negative reviews of female doctors were more likely to mention candor (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.42-1.82; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and amicability (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.47-1.90; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). Disrespect was associated with both female physicians (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.35-1.51; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and female reviewers (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.19-1.35; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). Female patients were less likely to report disrespect from female doctors than expected from the base ORs (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04-1.32; <i>P</i>=.008), but this effect overrode only the effect for female reviewers. CONCLUSIONS This work reinforces findings in the extensive literature on gender differences and gender bias in patient-physician interaction. Its novel contribution lies in highlighting gender differences in online reviews. These reviews inform patients’ choice of doctor and thus affect both patients and physicians. The evidence of gender bias documented here suggests review sites may be improved by providing information about gender differences, controlling for gender when presenting composite ratings for physicians, and helping users write less biased reviews.

scholarly journals Gender differences and bias in open source: pull request acceptance of women versus men

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Terrell ◽  
Andrew Kofink ◽  
Justin Middleton ◽  
Clarissa Rainear ◽  
Emerson Murphy-Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Women In The Workplace ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
Pull Request ◽  
Acceptance Rates

Biases against women in the workplace have been documented in a variety of studies. This paper presents a large scale study on gender bias, where we compare acceptance rates of contributions from men versus women in an open source software community. Surprisingly, our results show that women’s contributions tend to be accepted more often than men’s. However, for contributors who are outsiders to a project and their gender is identifiable, men’s acceptance rates are higher. Our results suggest that although women on GitHub may be more competent overall, bias against them exists nonetheless.

scholarly journals Silencing Women? Gender and Online Harassment

2019 ◽  
pp. 089443931986551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Nadim ◽  
Audun Fladmoe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Online Harassment ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
Gendered Patterns ◽  
Group Characteristics ◽  
Different Levels

While gendered online harassment has received increased attention in academic and public debates, there is a lack of empirical studies examining gender differences in experiences with online harassment. Relying on two independent large-scale population surveys carried out in Norway, this article examines whether women experience more—and different—online harassment than men, to what extent different types of online harassment silence its targets, and whether there are gendered patterns in how online harassment works as a silencing mechanism. Analytically, we distinguish between different levels of severity of online harassment and what the harassment is directed toward. Contrary to popular expectations, we find that more men than women have experienced online harassment. The main reason is that men receive more comments directed at their opinions and attitudes; women and men are equally exposed to harassment directed toward group characteristics. However, targeted women are more likely than targeted men to become more cautious in expressing their opinions publicly. Furthermore, the gender differences increase as the harassment becomes more aggressive and directed toward group characteristics.

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