Air speed to increase rate of cool out for horses after intense exercise

Background: Doogh is a traditional Iranian fermented milk drink that is currently a very popular product in Iran. In the present study, the combined effects of incubation temperature, type of starter culture, and final pH of fermentation on the viability of two probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (A) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 (B)) and biochemical and sensory characteristics of probiotic Doogh were investigated. Method: Different treatments were prepared with yoghurt starter culture containing probiotics, using reconstituted skimmed milk with 6% of solid nonfat. They were incubated at 38°C or 44°C until pH 4.0 or pH 4.5 and were kept for 21 days at 4°C or 8°C storage temperature. The biochemical properties of treatments were evaluated during fermentation and refrigerated storage. The viable count and sensory attributes of treatments were studied at the end of fermentation and at the end of storage. Results: Results showed that the greatest mean pH drop rate, mean acidity increase rate and mean redox potential increase rate and the shortest incubation time were observed in treatments incubated at 44°C with final pH of 4.5. The highest survival of both probiotic strains during storage was related to treatments with fermentation temperature of 38°C and final pH of 4.5. Treatments ABY1-38°C-4.0 had the highest sensorial total acceptance at the end of refrigerated storage. Conclusion: It would be concluded that the best treatment was ABY3-38°C-4 stored at 8°C in regards of probiotics’ viability and sensory characteristics of Doogh. Thus, controlling the temperature of refrigerated storage is the most importance factor during storage and distribution.

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An Optimized Flutter-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerator with a Low Cut-In Wind Speed

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12040366 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 366

Author(s):

Yang Xia ◽

Yun Tian ◽

Lanbin Zhang ◽

Zhihao Ma ◽

Huliang Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Generation ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Energy Harvesting ◽

Wind Energy ◽

Output Power ◽

Open Circuit Voltage ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Triboelectric Nanogenerator ◽

Vibration Behavior ◽

Air Speed

We present an optimized flutter-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for wind energy harvesting. The vibration and power generation characteristics of this TENG are investigated in detail, and a low cut-in wind speed of 3.4 m/s is achieved. It is found that the air speed, the thickness and length of the membrane, and the distance between the electrode plates mainly determine the PTFE membrane’s vibration behavior and the performance of TENG. With the optimized value of the thickness and length of the membrane and the distance of the electrode plates, the peak open-circuit voltage and output power of TENG reach 297 V and 0.46 mW at a wind speed of 10 m/s. The energy generated by TENG can directly light up dozens of LEDs and keep a digital watch running continuously by charging a capacitor of 100 μF at a wind speed of 8 m/s.

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Effect of Intense Exercise on Plasma Macrominerals and Trace Elements in Lidia Bulls

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8060097 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Francisco Escalera-Valente ◽

Marta E. Alonso ◽

Juan M. Lomillos ◽

Vicente R. Gaudioso ◽

Ángel J. Alonso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Metabolism ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Stressful Situation ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Intense Exercise ◽

Physical Effort ◽

Mean Values ◽

Inorganic Substances ◽

Body Tissues ◽

Icp Ms

Minerals are inorganic substances present in all body tissues and fluids that directly or indirectly influence the maintenance of multiple metabolic processes and, therefore, are essential for the development of various biological functions. The Lidia bull breed may be considered an athlete, as during a bull fight it displays considerable physical effort of great intensity and short duration in a highly stressful situation. The objective of this study was to assess plasma minerals concentration (macro- and microminerals) in Lidia bulls after intense physical exercise during a bull fight. Plasma Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo concentrations were measured in 438 male Lidia bulls. Ca, P and Mg were measured using a Cobas Integra autoanalyzer, while Na and K were determined by ICP-AES, and Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo were measured by ICP-MS. All macrominerals, (Ca: 2.96 ± 0.31, Mg: 1.27 ± 0.17, P: 3.78 ± 0.65, K: 7.50 ± 1.58, Na: 150.15 ± 19.59 in mmol/L), and Cr (1.24 ± 0.58), Ni (0.249 ± 1.07), Cu (22.63 ± 4.84) and Zn (24.14 ± 5.59, in μmol/L) showed greater mean values than the reported reference values in the published literature, while Co (0.041 ± 0.07), Se (0.886 ± 0.21) and Mo (0.111 ± 0.08, in μmol/L) values were lower than those reported for other bovine breeds. These increased concentrations could be justified mainly by muscle cell metabolism, hepatic need to provide energy, and intense dehydration and hemoconcentration by losses through sweat glands or urination.

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Determination of the flight trajectory in terms of emission and fuel consumption minimization

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part G Journal of Aerospace Engineering ◽

10.1177/09544100211012265 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095441002110122

Author(s):

Małgorzata Pawlak ◽

Michał Kuźniar ◽

Andrzej R. Majka

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Air Transport ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Horizontal Flight ◽

Pollutants Emission ◽

Aircraft Trajectory ◽

Air Speed ◽

Constant Altitude

The present-day world is characterized by the intense development of air transport. However, along with it, significant problems appear. Among these problems, the most important are those relating to safety and negative impact of air transport on the environment. Air transport efficiency and profitability issues, although not critical, must also be taken into account because they decide about the intensity of development of this branch of transport. There are currently two large programs in Europe oriented at improving safety, environmental, and efficiency indicators. These are SESAR 2020 and Clean Sky 2, being a continuation of previous ones. One of the ways to reduce negative impact of air transport on the environment and improve its efficiency is to reduce fuel consumption and pollutants emissions resulting from fuel combustion. To find solutions with the abovementioned features, it is necessary to have sufficiently accurate models to estimate the amount of fuel consumed and the amount of pollutants emitted. Developing a sufficiently accurate model to determine fuel consumption and pollutants emission was performed. Due to the specificity of the missions carried out by passenger aircraft, the focus was on the cruise stage when aircraft flies at a constant altitude with a constant air speed. The result of the analysis was the development of methodology for fuel consumption and emission of main pollutants in cruise conditions. Specific fuel consumption is calculated for the thrust required for horizontal flight at cruising altitude. Emission indexes for CO, NOx, HC, and CO2 for the cruise have been determined based on known indexes for the landing and take-off cycle phase, after applying appropriate corrections. An illustration of the application of the developed methodology was the optimization of a medium-sized transport aircraft trajectory on a selected connection to determine a trajectory characterized by a minimum emission value taking into account weather conditions.

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Mismatch between lipid mobilization and oxidation: glycerol kinetics in running African goats

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.4.r797 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 264 (4) ◽

pp. R797-R803 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. M. Weber ◽

T. J. Roberts ◽

C. R. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Treadmill Exercise ◽

Large Fraction ◽

O2 Consumption ◽

Glycerol Release ◽

Intense Exercise ◽

Lipid Mobilization ◽

Relative Contribution

Glycerol kinetics and total fatty acid (FA) oxidation of trained African pygmy goats were measured by continuous infusion of [2-3H]glycerol and indirect calorimetry during treadmill exercise at 40, 60, and 85% maximal O2 consumption (VO2max). Our main goals were 1) to determine whether rates of FA mobilization and utilization are eventually matched as exercise intensity increases, thereby minimizing reesterification to supply more FA to working muscles, and 2) to test the hypothesis that lipolytic rate is proportional to aerobic capacity by comparing low-aerobic goats with published values from highly aerobic dogs and humans. Mean rate of glycerol release in the circulation (Ra glycerol) was 3.83 +/- 0.11 at rest, 7.69 +/- 0.88 at 40% VO2max, reached a maximum of 15.32 +/- 0.95 at 60% VO2max, and returned to 10.53 +/- 0.76 mumol.kg-1 x min-1 at 85% VO2max. Lipolytic rate did not match total FA oxidation, implying that Ra glycerol cannot be used as an index of FA utilization, even during intense exercise. A large fraction of total FA released by lipolysis was reesterified at 60 and 85% VO2max, showing that FA mobilization does not limit whole animal FA oxidation at these intensities. Comparing goat, dog, and human responses reveals that mammalian lipolytic rate is scaled with aerobic capacity. High- and low-aerobic species exercising at the same %VO2max mobilize FA in exact proportion with their metabolic rate, suggesting that the relative contribution of FA to total energy provision is independent of VO2max.

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The Measurement of Air Speed

Aeronautical journal (London England 1897) ◽

10.1017/s2398187300140034 ◽

1914 ◽

Vol 18 (71) ◽

pp. 245-271

Author(s):

A. P. Thurston

Keyword(s):

Dynamical Properties ◽

Air Speed

It is a matter of extreme importance to be able to measure accurately the speed of the air in any situation and under any condition, because all our knowledge of the dynamical properties of the air is dependent upon a correct measurement of its velocity, and because the safety of a pilot depends upon knowing accurately the speed at which he is flying. He is then able to guard himself against the risk of stalling his machine or of attaining too great a speed. An air speed indicator is really as indispensable to a pilot as a foot rule is to a carpenter or a “hooter” to a motorist. The velocity of the air may be determined by three main methods. In the first method the velocity is measured directly by the time taken by a particle, body or substance floating in or dragged along by the air to travel from one point to another.

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