Cognitive biases are associated with clinical and functional variables in psychosis: A comparison across schizophrenia, early psychosis and healthy individuals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maribel Ahuir ◽  
Josep Maria Crosas ◽  
Francesc Estrada ◽  
Wanda Zabala ◽  
Sara Pérez-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Healthy Individuals

scholarly journals Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (43) ◽  
pp. 13401-13406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Teufel ◽  
Naresh Subramaniam ◽  
Veronika Dobler ◽  
Jesus Perez ◽  
Johanna Finnemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Psychosis Proneness ◽  
Sensory Evidence

Many neuropsychiatric illnesses are associated with psychosis, i.e., hallucinations (perceptions in the absence of causative stimuli) and delusions (irrational, often bizarre beliefs). Current models of brain function view perception as a combination of two distinct sources of information: bottom-up sensory input and top-down influences from prior knowledge. This framework may explain hallucinations and delusions. Here, we characterized the balance between visual bottom-up and top-down processing in people with early psychosis (study 1) and in psychosis-prone, healthy individuals (study 2) to elucidate the mechanisms that might contribute to the emergence of psychotic experiences. Through a specialized mental-health service, we identified unmedicated individuals who experience early psychotic symptoms but fall below the threshold for a categorical diagnosis. We observed that, in early psychosis, there was a shift in information processing favoring prior knowledge over incoming sensory evidence. In the complementary study, we capitalized on subtle variations in perception and belief in the general population that exhibit graded similarity with psychotic experiences (schizotypy). We observed that the degree of psychosis proneness in healthy individuals, and, specifically, the presence of subtle perceptual alterations, is also associated with stronger reliance on prior knowledge. Although, in the current experimental studies, this shift conferred a performance benefit, under most natural viewing situations, it may provoke anomalous perceptual experiences. Overall, we show that early psychosis and psychosis proneness both entail a basic shift in visual information processing, favoring prior knowledge over incoming sensory evidence. The studies provide complementary insights to a mechanism by which psychotic symptoms may emerge.

A comparison of cognitive biases between schizophrenia patients with delusions and healthy individuals with delusion-like experiences

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ł. Gawęda ◽  
K. Prochwicz
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cognitive Dimension ◽  
Emotional Reasoning

AbstractBackgroundThe role of psychosis-related cognitive biases (e.g. jumping to conclusions) in a delusion continuum is well-established. Little is known about the role of types of cognitive biases. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of psychosis-related and “Beckian” (i.e. anxiety- and depression-related) cognitive biases assessed with a clinical questionnaire in the delusion continuum and its dimensions.MethodsSchizophrenia patients with (n = 57) and without (n = 35) delusions were compared to healthy subjects who had a low (n = 53) and high (n = 57) level of delusion-like experiences (DLEs) on the Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for Psychosis (CBQp). Delusion dimensions in the clinical sample were assessed with the semi-structured interview PSYRATS. DLEs were measured with the Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI).ResultsHigh DLEs participants scored significantly higher than low DLEs, and patients with delusions scored higher than patients without delusions on the total scores of the CBQp. High DLEs participants scored significantly higher than low DLEs on catastrophisation and JTC. Schizophrenia patients with delusions scored significantly higher when compared to patients without delusions on intentionalising, dichotomous thinking, JTC and emotional reasoning. Patients with delusions and high DLEs participants scored similarly on JTC. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that catastrophising predicted total severity of clinical delusions and JTC predicted the cognitive dimension of clinical delusions. Both JTC and catastrophisation predicted the frequency and conviction associated with DLEs.ConclusionsBoth “Beckian” and psychosis-related cognitive biases may underlie delusions. Different aspects of clinical delusions and delusion-like experiences may be related to different cognitive biases.

The Neurobiology of Emotion–Cognition Interactions

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Thalia Richter ◽  
Alexander J. Shackman ◽  
Tatjana Aue ◽  
Hadas Okon-Singer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
At Risk Populations ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
Emotional Systems

Humans have long considered emotion and cognition as two separate mental capacities, depending on their subjective different emotional and cognitive experiences. However, evidence for the mutual modulatory relationships between emotional and cognitive functions, as well as for the neural circuits supporting these relationships, is growing substantially. In this chapter, we review the bidirectional interactions between the cognitive and emotional systems. We focus on threat-related cues and emotional states that influence a variety of attentional and executive functions, including working memory, cognitive control, and selective attention. We further elaborate on the flexibility of cognitive biases toward emotional information, as well as the plasticity of the neural connections supporting these biases. We discuss the influence of cognitive strategies on emotions. Finally, we highlight several limitations of existing research and suggest future scientific directions. Each of these themes is demonstrated among healthy individuals, at-risk populations, and patients with psychiatric disorders. Understanding the mutual influences between emotion and cognition is highly important for both theoretical and clinical knowledge. It may refine our expertise regarding the human mind, as well as contribute to the development of specific interventions for individuals with disorders involving disruption to emotional and cognitive systems.

scholarly journals O3.6. DEFICITS IN CONTEXT-DEPENDENT ADAPTIVE CODING IN EARLY PSYCHOSIS AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY TRAITS

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S81-S81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Kirschner ◽  
Amelie Haugg ◽  
Andrei Manoliu ◽  
Erich Seifritz ◽  
Philippe N Tobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Adaptive Coding ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Context Dependent

scholarly journals The tendency to stop collecting information is linked to illusions of causality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Manuela Moreno-Fernández ◽  
Fernando Blanco ◽  
Helena Matute
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
Learning Study ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Jumping To Conclusions ◽  
Biased Judgments

AbstractPrevious research proposed that cognitive biases contribute to produce and maintain the symptoms exhibited by deluded patients. Specifically, the tendency to jump to conclusions (i.e., to stop collecting evidence soon before making a decision) has been claimed to contribute to delusion formation. Additionally, deluded patients show an abnormal understanding of cause-effect relationships, often leading to causal illusions (i.e., the belief that two events are causally connected, when they are not). Both types of bias appear in psychotic disorders, but also in healthy individuals. In two studies, we test the hypothesis that the two biases (jumping to conclusions and causal illusions) appear in the general population and correlate with each other. The rationale is based on current theories of associative learning that explain causal illusions as the result of a learning bias that tends to wear off as additional information is incorporated. We propose that participants with higher tendency to jump to conclusions will stop collecting information sooner in a causal learning study than those participants with lower tendency to jump to conclusions, which means that the former will not reach the learning asymptote, leading to biased judgments. The studies provide evidence in favour that the two biases are correlated but suggest that the proposed mechanism is not responsible for this association.

Morphological and elemental analysis of isolated incubated frog retina-choroid

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
B. J. Panessa-Warren ◽  
J. B. Warren ◽  
H. W. Kraner
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Frog Retina ◽  
Isolated Retina ◽  
Vertebrate Eye ◽  
Retina Pigment Epithelium

Our previous studies have demonstrated that abnormally high amounts of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) can be accumulated in human retina-choroid under pathological conditions and that barium (Ba), which was not detected in the eyes of healthy individuals, is deposited in the retina pigment epithelium (RPE), and to a lesser extent in the sensory retina and iris. In an attempt to understand how these cations can be accumulated in the vertebrate eye, a morphological and microanalytical study of the uptake and loss of specific cations (K, Ca,Ba,Zn) was undertaken with incubated Rana catesbiana isolated retina and RPE preparations. Large frogs (650-800 gms) were dark adapted, guillotined and their eyes enucleated in deep ruby light. The eyes were hemisected behind the ora serrata and the anterior portion of the eye removed. The eyecup was bisected along the plane of the optic disc and the two segments of retina peeled away from the RPE and incubated.

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