The purpose of the current study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure organizational citizenship behavior in sport. The current research consisted of a three-stage scale development and validation process: (a) item generation and content validity, (b) construct validity and reliability, and (c) criterion validity. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to generate and analyze scale items. The results of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling revealed appropriate goodness-of-fit indexes for the finalized 22-item scale including five dimensions: bonding, encouraging, helping, community service, and extra work. Finally, correlations between each dimension of organizational citizenship behavior and athlete satisfaction and team commitment confirmed the criterion validity. The newly developed organizational citizenship behavior in Sport Scale is expected to help researchers empirically examine the potential relationships between psychological antecedents and identified dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior in sport as well as provide practical guidance to professionals working with athletes.
Although it has been widely discussed in the literature, no scale has yet been developed to measure the consumption aspect of death. This study aims to develop a domain-specific death-related status consumption (DRSC) scale to bridge this gap in the field. Results reveal the following three dimensions of the scale: conspicuousness, planning, and showing respect. In four studies, which collate the views of 1,302 participants, both students and adults, the DRSC demonstrates internal consistency and validity across cultures (Turkey, the U.S., and culturally diverse sample). The importance of such a scale for the field is discussed.
Rating scale development in the field of language assessment is often considered in dichotomous ways: It is assumed to be guided either by expert intuition or by drawing on performance data. Even though quite a few authors have argued that rating scale development is rarely so easily classifiable, this dyadic view has dominated language testing research for over a decade. In this paper we refine the dominant model of rating scale development by drawing on a corpus of 36 studies identified in a systematic review. We present a model showing the different sources of scale construct in the corpus. In the discussion, we argue that rating scale designers, just like test developers more broadly, need to start by determining the purpose of the test, the relevant policies that guide test development and score use, and the intended score use when considering the design choices available to them. These include considering the impact of such sources on the generalizability of the scores, the precision of the post-test predictions that can be made about test takers’ future performances and scoring reliability. The most important contributions of the model are that it gives rating scale developers a framework to consider prior to starting scale development and validation activities.
Hybrid Offerings Sales Capability: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation