Differential cellular immune responses between chickens and ducks to H9N2 avian influenza virus infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 150 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Huang ◽  
Dong Fang ◽  
Peng Lv ◽  
Xuebing Bian ◽  
Xizhen Ruan ◽  
...  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Ming ◽  
Zhihui Li ◽  
Xiaofang Li ◽  
Ling Tang ◽  
Guimei He

Abstract Background Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is a garlic-derived organosulfur compound. As it has been shown to have anti-viral activity, we hypothesized that it may alleviate infections caused by H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), which is prevalent in poultry with pandemic potential. Methods Human lung A549 epithelial cells were treated with three different concentrations of DATS 24 h before (pre-treatment) or one hour after (post-treatment) H9N2 AIV infection. Culture supernatants were collected 24 h and 48 h post-infection and analyzed for viral titers and levels of inflammatory and anti-viral immune responses. For in vivo experiments, BABL/c mice were administered daily by intraperitoneal injection with DATS (30 mg/kg) for 2 weeks starting 1 day after H9N2 AIV infection. Clinical signs, lung pathology, and inflammatory and anti-viral immune responses were assessed 2, 4, and 6 days after infection. Results Both pre-treatment and post-treatment of A549 cells with DATS resulted in reduced viral loads, increased expression of anti-viral genes (RIG-I, IRF-3, and interferon-β), and decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). These effects were also observed in H9N2 AIV-infected mice treated with DATS. Such treatment also reduced lung edema and inflammation in mice. Conclusions Results suggest that DATS has anti-viral activity against H9N2 AIV and may be used as an alternative treatment for influenza virus infection.


2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 4624-4630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominick J. Laddy ◽  
Jian Yan ◽  
Amir S. Khan ◽  
Hanne Andersen ◽  
Amanda Cohn ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Avian influenza highlights the need for novel vaccination techniques that would allow for the rapid design and production of safe and effective vaccines. An ideal platform would be capable of inducing both protective antibodies and potent cellular immune responses. These potential advantages of DNA vaccines remain unrealized due to a lack of efficacy in large animal studies and in human trials. Questions remain regarding the potential utility of cellular immune responses against influenza virus in primates. In this study, by construct optimization and in vivo electroporation of synthetic DNA-encoded antigens, we observed the induction of cross-reactive cellular and humoral immune responses individually capable of providing protection from influenza virus infection in the rhesus macaque. These studies advance the DNA vaccine field and provide a novel, more tolerable vaccine with broad immunogenicity to avian influenza virus. This approach appears important for further investigation, including studies with humans.


Author(s):  
Anthony T. DiPiazza ◽  
Katherine A. Richards ◽  
Wen-Chun Liu ◽  
Randy A. Albrecht ◽  
Andrea J. Sant

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Jamali ◽  
Farzaneh Sabahi ◽  
Taravat Bamdad ◽  
Hamidreza Hashemi ◽  
Fereidoun Mahboudi ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Influenza virus infections cause yearly epidemics and are a major cause of lower respiratory tract illnesses in humans worldwide. Influenza virus has long been recognized to be associated with higher morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Vaccination is an effective tool to prevent influenza virus infection in this group of patients. Vaccines employing recombinant-DNA technologies are an alternative to inactivated virus and live attenuated virus vaccines. Internal highly conserved viral nucleoprotein (NP) can be delivered as a DNA vaccine to provide heterosubtypic immunity, offering resistance against various influenza virus strains. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of an NP DNA vaccine for induction of cell-mediated immune responses and protection against influenza virus infection in a mouse model of diabetes. Healthy and diabetic BALB/c mice were immunized on days 0, 14, and 28 by injection of NP DNA vaccine. Two weeks after the last immunization, the cellular immune response was evaluated by gamma interferon (IFN-γ), lymphocyte proliferation, and cytotoxicity assays. The mice were challenged with influenza virus, and the viral titers in the lungs were measured on day 4. Diabetic mice showed significantly smaller amounts of IFN-γ production, lymphocyte proliferation, and cytotoxicity responses than nondiabetic mice. Furthermore, higher titers of the influenza virus were detected after challenge in the lungs of the diabetic mice. The present data suggest that the NP DNA vaccine with the protocol of immunization described here is not able to induce efficient cellular immune responses against influenza virus infection in diabetic mice.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyun Li ◽  
Hongyan Wang ◽  
Pengjing Lian ◽  
Yu Bai ◽  
Zihui Zhang ◽  
...  

H9N2 avian influenza virus has been continuously circulating among poultry and could infect mammals, indicating that this virus is a potential pandemic strain. During influenza pandemics, secondary bacterial (particularly pneumococcal) pneumonia usually contributes to excess mortality. In the present study, we observed the dynamic effect of H9N2 virus infection on host defense against secondary pneumococcal infection in mice. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated with 1.2 × 105 plaque forming units (PFU) of H9N2 virus followed by 1 × 106 colony forming units of Streptococcus pneumoniae on 7, 14 or 28 days post-H9N2 infection (D.P.I.). The bacterial load, histopathology, body weight and survival were assessed after pneumococcal infection. Our results showed that H9N2 virus infection had no significant impact on host resistance to secondary pneumococcal infection on 7 D.P.I. However, H9N2 virus infection increased pulmonary pneumococcal clearance and reduced pneumococcal pneumonia-induced morbidity after secondary pneumococcal infection on 14 or 28 D.P.I., as reflected by significantly decreased bacterial loads, markedly alleviated pulmonary histopathological changes and significantly reduced weight loss in mice infected with H9N2 virus followed by S. pneumoniae compared with mice infected only with S. pneumoniae. Further, the significantly decreased bacterial loads were observed when mice were previously infected with a higher dose (1.2 × 106 PFU) of H9N2 virus. Besides, similar to the results obtained in BALB/c mice, improvement in pulmonary pneumococcal clearance was also observed in C57BL/6 mice. Overall, our results showed that pulmonary pneumococcal clearance is improved after resolution of H9N2 virus infection in mice.


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