BACKGROUND
Heart rate variability (HRV), or the variation in the time interval between consecutive heartbeats, is a proven measure for assessing changes in autonomic activity. An increase in variability suggests an upregulation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). Music was shown to have an effect on the limbic system, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. However, there have been relatively few empirical investigations on the effect of music on HRV compared to mean heart rate (HR). Also, the majority of studies have been experimental rather than interventional, reporting significant changes in HRV as a function of musical characteristics, such as tempo, genre, and valence.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the impact of short duration music listening on the autonomic nervous system response of healthy adults.
METHODS
Six participants (three males and three females) were tested to investigate the effect of listening to music on HR and HRV. Electrocardiographic (ECG) data was recorded at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz using an eMotion Faros 360 device produced by Bittium Biosignals. The data was collected while the participants listened to four pre-selected songs in a random order separated by a relaxation period of 5 minutes. Data was then cleaned and processed through Kubious HRV 2.0 software. Statistical analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test was carried out for the time and frequency domains.
RESULTS
For all but one song that is shorter than 3 minutes (song 1), we observed a statistically significant increase in Standard Deviation of the RR intervals (SDRR) (song 1: P=.125, r=.333; song 2: P=.023, r=.575; song 3: P=.014, r=.635; song 4: P=.014, r=.635) and in the Low Frequency (LF) component of the cardiac spectrogram (song 1: P=.300, r=.151; song 2: P=.038, r=.514; song 3: P=.014, r=.635; song 4: P=.014, r=.635) with a large effect size r, indicating increased HRV. No significant change in mean HR was observed (song 1: P=.173 r=-.272; song 2: P=.058, r=-.454; song 3: P=.125, r=-.333; song 4: P=.232. r=-.212).
CONCLUSIONS
Listening to pre-selected songs of longer duration than 3 minutes 30 seconds is associated with significant increases in HRV measures, especially SDRR and LF. Music thus has the potential to overcome autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation and thereby benefit health and wellbeing.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY, ASSESSED IN ONE MINUTE WINDOWS, PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO THE TIME COURSE OF CHANGES IN AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY
