Multi-electrode Stretching Catheter for Creation of Linear Radiofrequency Lesions in the Atrium: Comparison With Standard Multi-electrode Design and Dragging Approach

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 255A
Author(s):  
A Natale
Rare Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Chao Zhou ◽  
Zhi Su ◽  
Xin-Lei Gao ◽  
Rui Cao ◽  
Shi-Chun Yang ◽  
...  

1920 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-620
Author(s):  
A.E. Koehler
Keyword(s):  

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Katharina Herkendell

Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) employ enzymes, subcellular structures or whole electroactive microorganisms as biocatalysts for energy conversion purposes, such as the electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals and power generation in biofuel cells. From a bioelectrode engineering viewpoint, customizable nanostructured carbonaceous matrices have recently received considerable scientific attention as promising electrode supports due to their unique properties attractive to bioelectronics devices. This review demonstrates the latest advances in the application of nano- and micro-structured carbon electrode assemblies in BES. Specifically, in view of the gradual increase in the commercial applicability of these systems, we aim to address the stability and scalability of different BES designs and to highlight their potential roles in a circular bioeconomy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xingrui Huang ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Zezheng Li ◽  
Huan Guan ◽  
Qingquan Wei ◽  
...  

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. JUSS ◽  
J. B. WAKERLEY

Experiments were performed on anaesthetized lactating rats to investigate the effects of radiofrequency lesions of the mesencephalon on the milk-ejection reflex. In lesioned and control rats, intramammary pressure recordings were used to estimate oxytocin release (number and relative amplitude of the intermittent milk-ejection responses) during a 3-h suckling test with ten pups. Bilateral lesions (diameter 0·5–1·5 mm) of the lateral tegmentum (near the brachium of the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body) seriously disrupted the milk-ejection reflex, reducing the number of rats ejecting milk (two out of ten v. all 12 controls, P<0·001) and the amount of oxytocin they released (1·35±0·35 (s.e.m.) v. 15·52±2·19 mu. for controls, P<0·05). Unilateral lesions of the lateral tegmentum also impaired milk ejection and, if the suckling stimulus was restricted only to the contralateral nipples, oxytocin release was virtually abolished. Bilateral lesions placed more medially in the intermediate tegmentum were far less disruptive (eight out of nine rats ejected milk), though the amount of oxytocin released in this group (8·64±1·88 mu.) was still significantly (P<0·05) lower than controls. All rats with lesions of the central grey (nine) or ventral tegmentum (eight) displayed reflex milk ejection, as did those with multiple lesions of the tectum, central grey and ventral tegmentum (seven); in these three groups the amounts of oxytocin released (13·88±2·68, 13·10±1·90 and 11·04±1·95 mu. respectively) did not differ significantly from controls. Damage to the ventral tegmentum produced an irregular pattern of milk ejection characterized by occasional abnormally short (<2 min) milk-ejection intervals, though the overall number of responses in 3 h was less than that of controls (20·83±1·82 v. 14·50±1·30 mu., P<0·05). In conclusion, these results delineate two mesencephalic areas of particular importance in the milk-ejection reflex: (a) the lateral tegmentum, which appears to be concerned with transmission of the suckling stimulus from the contralateral nipples and is indispensable for oxytocin release, and (b) the ventral tegmentum which, although not an essential component of the reflex, may contribute to the timing of the intermittent milk-ejection responses.


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