scholarly journals Creating and Protecting Paths: Learning in an Entrepreneurial State

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Knut Sogner
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
The One ◽  
A Company

This paper discusses how a Norwegian entrepreneurial state has performed over more than seventy years, based on an analysis of state involvement in Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk/the Kongsberg Group from 1945 and to 2015. Mariana Mazzucato has argued that bold technological investments by the state has long-term beneficial effects. The development of the Kongsberg companies adds nuance to this picture. On the one hand, the defense company Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk failed as a company in 1987 and was unbundled into a number of new companies independent of one another. On the other hand, some of the successor companies have been very successful, both in the oil and gas sector and within defense. Taking the defense and oil and gas company the Kongsberg Group as a case, this paper argues that a new style of entrepreneurial state developed in the 1990s and that it proved very successful. The old entrepreneurial state was heavy-handed, bold, and very long-term in its aims; the new entrepreneurial state was cautious, many-headed, and worked through the management of the company. The new entrepreneurial state combined state ownership, stock listing, and procurement considerations and was supported by both the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Defense. This new governance structure facilitated a stable corporation that over time integrated other Norwegian maritime electronics companies, which themselves had a checkered history under the old entrepreneurial state. A new corporate governance regime emerged and managed both to protect old and established product lines and to facilitate innovation both in defense and maritime electronics.

Why do logging companies adopt or reject forest certification in the Congo basin? Insights from Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-349
Author(s):  
I. NDOUMBE BEROCK ◽  
S. ONGOLO
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Client Relationships ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research ◽  
Basin Region ◽  
A Company

This study aims to understand, through the example of Cameroon, why industrial logging companies adopt or avoid sustainable certification or labelling systems of their forest operations in the Congo Basin region. From a methodological standpoint, the research is based on a sample of three empirical case studies of logging companies operating in Cameroon: an 'anti-certification' company (the model, due to the majority trend of non-certified logging companies in this region), a company in the process of certification (the intermediate case), and a certified company (the marginal case, due to the scarcity of certified companies in the study area). While focusing on these three cases, we chose to avoid reifying the dominant case of anti-certification companies. Hence the choice of highlighting this majority trend by carrying out a comparative study with an intermediate and a marginal case. The analysis of these three case studies reveals that the high cost of long term certification, the risks of patronage and cronyism in Patron-Client (customer-provider/boss) relationships that feature sustainable labelling processes are the main reasons for the low level of commitment of logging companies to forest certification in Cameroon. At the end of the research, we recommend that other complementary and more specific research should focus on the flaws in patron-client relationships that characterize forest certification processes on the one hand, and on the necessary conditions to avoid patronage and cronyisms risks or excesses in these relations on the other hand, especially in a poor governance context like Cameroon. Similarly, we encourage that new research be carried out to better understand whether and how transaction and opportunity costs influence the decisions of industrial logging companies in favour of or against forest certification.

scholarly journals Business and development strategies in China: inferences based on the evolution of SINOPEC

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-93
Author(s):  
Rubia Cristina Wegner ◽  
Marcelo Pereira Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The One ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

The purpose of this paper is to present Sinopec in the context of the transformationsof property organization in China, especially the constitution of thebusiness sector under long-term national development strategies. A hypothesisis that the growth of a large state-owned enterprise in China is on the one hand,the benefits of state support and on the other, the constraints imposed by suchbenefits on its business strategies of profitability and efficiency. In order to confirmthis hypothesis, we analyze the evolution of the oil and gas sector in China,from the point of view of the formation of its large companies. Next, Sinopecindicators, relate to the company’s financial development and strategies, areanalyzed for the period 1999 to 2016. We sought to highlight the evolution ofthe company’s indicators compared to the national strategies adopted. Resultsshow that Sinopec remains dependent on the national economic developmentstrategies.  

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Krill Meal, Soybean Meal, Butyrate, and Bactocell® on the Gene Expression of Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahsa Jalili ◽  
Marco Gerdol ◽  
Samuele Greco ◽  
Alberto Pallavicini ◽  
Francesco Buonocore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The One ◽  
The Complement System

The head kidney is a key organ that plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the fish immune response and in the maintenance of endocrine homeostasis. Previous studies indicate that the supplementation of exogenous dietary components, such as krill meal (KM), soybean meal (SM), Bactocell® (BA), and butyrate (BU), can have a significant effect on the immune function of the head kidney. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential effect of these four dietary ingredients on the transcriptional profiles of the head kidney of the Atlantic salmon. This study revealed that just a small number of genes were responsive to the feeding regime after a long-term (12 weeks) treatment, and evidenced that the most significant alterations, both in terms of the number of affected genes and magnitude of changes in gene expression, were detectable in the BU- and KM-fed groups compared with controls, while the SM diet had a nearly negligible effect, and BA had no significant effects at all. Most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in the immune response and, in line with data previously obtained from pyloric caeca, major components of the complement system were significantly affected. These alterations were accompanied by an increase in the density of melanomacrophage centers in the KM- and SM-fed group and their reduction in the BU-fed group. While three types of dietary supplements (BU, KM, and SM) were able to produce a significant modulation of some molecular players of the immune system, the butyrate-rich diet was revealed as the one with the most relevant immune-stimulating properties in the head kidney. These preliminary results suggest that further investigations should be aimed towards the elucidation of the potential beneficial effects of butyrate and krill meal supplementation on farmed salmon health and growth performance.

Fast fashion goes global

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Driving ◽  
First Mover Advantage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
A Company

Purpose – To trace the development of the Benetton Group and describe the causes and consequences of the clothing retailer’s transition from a market-driving to a market-driven strategy. Design/methodology/approach – Presents a history of the company from its beginnings in the 1960s, listing the innovations it adopted to support rapid expansion. Describes the emergence of “fast fashion” retailers such as Zara during the 1990s and explains how and why Benetton subsequently changed its strategy. Findings – It all started with a yellow jumper. Back in the 1960s, Italian men typically wore dark-colored sweaters under a jacket. So when his friends asked if they could have a brightly colored jumper like the one his sister made for his son, Gilberto Benetton realized that they had a different value proposition from traditional companies – and the start of a business. Soon Benetton had a company producing sweaters for local independent retailers in Italy. Plans for expansion brought further innovations that were new to the clothing market of the time. Practical implications – Draws attention to the value of first-mover advantage and the need to align competitive strategy with current market conditions. Social implications – Highlights the value of Benetton’s emphasis on developing long-term relationships based on trust with suppliers and retailers. Originality/value – Questions the value of a market-driving strategy as the basis for sustaining long-term financial performance.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2009: Sources and Roots

2009 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
G. Rapoport ◽  
A. Guerts
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Production Output ◽  
The One ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Partial Destruction

In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.

Interrelationships between municipal spatial policy strategy and airport operation and development. Lodz Airport case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Nikorowicz-Zatorska
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
The One ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Abstract The present paper focuses on spatial management regulations in order to carry out investment in the field of airport facilities. The construction, upgrades, and maintenance of airports falls within the area of responsibility of local authorities. This task poses a great challenge in terms of organisation and finances. On the one hand, an active airport is a municipal landmark and drives local economic, social and cultural development, and on the other, the scale of investment often exceeds the capabilities of local authorities. The immediate environment of the airport determines its final use and prosperity. The objective of the paper is to review legislation that affects airports and the surrounding communities. The process of urban planning in Lodz and surrounding areas will be presented as a background to the problem of land use management in the vicinity of the airport. This paper seeks to address the following questions: if and how airports have affected urban planning in Lodz, does the land use around the airport prevent the development of Lodz Airport, and how has the situation changed over the time? It can be assumed that as a result of lack of experience, land resources and size of investments on one hand and legislative dissonance and peculiar practices on the other, aviation infrastructure in Lodz is designed to meet temporary needs and is characterised by achieving short-term goals. Cyclical problems are solved in an intermittent manner and involve all the municipal resources, so there’s little left to secure long-term investments.

Aspects of the Evolution of the Romanian Tourists’ Preferences Concerning the Domestic Tourist Destinations

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Aniela Bălăcescu ◽  
Radu Șerban Zaharia
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
On Line ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Term Studies

Abstract Tourist services represent a category of services in which the inseparability of production and consumption, the inability to be storable, the immateriality, and last but not least non-durability, induces in tourism management a number of peculiarities and difficulties. Under these circumstances the development of medium-term strategies involves long-term studies regarding on the one hand the developments and characteristics of the demand, and on the other hand the tourist potential analysis at regional and local level. Although in the past 20 years there has been tremendous growth of on-line booking made by household users, the tour operators agencies as well as those with sales activity continue to offer the specific services for a large number of tourists, that number, in the case of domestic tourism, increased by 1.6 times in case of the tour operators and by 4.44 times in case of the agencies with sales activity. At the same time, there have been changes in the preferences of tourists regarding their holiday destinations in Romania. Started on these considerations, paper based on a logistic model, examines the evolution of the probabilities and scores corresponding to the way the Romanian tourists spend their holidays on the types of tourism agencies, actions and tourist areas in Romania.

The Belt and Road Initiative: Goals and Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Adnan Khalaf i Hammed Al-Badrani ◽  
Hind Ziyad Nafeih
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation.       It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country.   The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

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