scholarly journals Point break: using machine learning to uncover a critical mass in women's representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Kendall D. Funk ◽  
Hannah L. Paul ◽  
Andrew Q. Philips
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mass Interval

Abstract Decades of research has debated whether women first need to reach a “critical mass” in the legislature before they can effectively influence legislative outcomes. This study contributes to the debate using supervised tree-based machine learning to study the relationship between increasing variation in women's legislative representation and the allocation of government expenditures in three policy areas: education, healthcare, and defense. We find that women's representation predicts spending in all three areas. We also find evidence of critical mass effects as the relationships between women's representation and government spending are nonlinear. However, beyond critical mass, our research points to a potential critical mass interval or critical limit point in women's representation. We offer guidance on how these results can inform future research using standard parametric models.

‘Regrettably Up-to-Date’, 1975–81

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-140
Author(s):  
Frances C. Galt
Keyword(s):  
Women's Representation ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Union Structure

This chapter investigates Gillian Skirrow’s assertion that the Patterns report remained ‘regrettably up-to-date’ by 1981, six years after its publication (1981: 94). It argues that the relationship between women and the ACTT was characterised by inertia between 1975 and 1981. This chapter identifies the reasons for slow progress around the implementation of the recommendations of the Patterns report and considers its impact on women’s activity. Firstly, it argues that the ACTT’s gendered union structure operated to inhibit the implementation of the report’s recommendations, demonstrated by limited engagement with the report among rank-and-file members and the reluctance of male union officials to negotiate around its recommendations. Secondly, this chapter argues that the Committee on Equality was detached from the formal union structure, limiting its power to influence policy and restricting women’s activity. This chapter then traces women’s growing frustration with the ACTT’s inactivity from 1980 onwards, culminating in the demand for a women’s conference. In doing so, it illustrates the influence of external feminist campaigns in the late 1970s. Finally, this chapter outlines the demands of the ACTT’s first Women’s Conference in 1981, which called for the formalisation of women’s representation within the union structure.

Female Leaders, Organizational Power, and Sex Segregation

2011 ◽  
Vol 639 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Stainback ◽  
Soyoung Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sex Segregation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Organizational Power ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
Managerial Positions

A large body of research has examined the organizational factors that promote women’s access to positions of workplace authority. Fewer studies explore how women’s access to these positions influences gender inequality among subordinates. Utilizing a 2005 national sample of South Korean organizations, this article examines whether having women in managerial and supervisory roles is associated with lower levels of workplace sex segregation. In other words, do female leaders function as “agents of change,” or are they merely “cogs in the machine”? The findings indicate that women’s representation in managerial positions is associated with lower levels of sex segregation. Women’s representation among supervisory positions, however, is associated with higher levels of sex segregation. The results, in general, suggest that women in higher levels of organizational power may be important catalysts for change, while women in supervisory positions may be a manifestation of institutionalized inequality. The authors conclude with implications for theory and future research.

scholarly journals Presidentas Rise: Consequences for Women in Cabinets?

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Reyes-Housholder
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Empirical Implications

AbstractSince 1999, women have democratically won the presidency eight times in Latin America and have named hundreds of ministers. This study argues that under certain conditions,presidentasare more likely than male presidents to improve women's cabinet representation. Two mechanisms,presidentamandates and gendered networks, appear to drive the relationship. Furthermore, because the pool of ministerial candidates is shallower for women than for men,presidentasare most likely to advance women's representation in cabinets at the beginning of their term and for “feminine” ministries. A case study of Michelle Bachelet's 2006 ministerial appointments reveals initial evidence for the argument. Empirical implications are then tested with an original dataset of 1,908 ministers of all democratically elected Latin American presidents since 1999. Model results are consistent with the theory thatpresidentasare most likely to “make a difference” when they are least constrained by the supply of female ministerial candidates.

The Greek demographic expansion: models and comparisons

2003 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 120-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Scheidel
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFor much of the first millennium BC, the number of Greeks increased considerably, both in the Aegean core and in the expanding periphery of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. This paper is the first attempt to establish a coherent quantitative framework for the study of this process. In the first section, I argue that despite the lack of statistical data, it is possible to identify a plausible range of estimates of average long-term demographic growth rates in mainland Greece from the Early Iron Age to the Classical period. Elaborating on this finding, the second section offers a comprehensive rebuttal of the notion of explosive population growth in parts of the eighth and seventh centuries BC. In the third section, I seek to determine the probable scale and demographic consequences of Greek settlement overseas. A brief preliminary look at the relationship between population growth and the quality of life concludes my survey. The resultant series of interlocking parametric models is meant to contextualize the demographic development of ancient Greece within the wider ambit of pre-modern demography, and to provide a conceptual template for future research in this area.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Women’S Representation

In the concluding chapter, Lesile A. Schwindt-Bayer brings together the findings from the arena and country chapters to draw general conclusions about gender and representation in Latin America. She highlights that the chapters show the weakness of cultural and socioeconomic explanations for increases in women’s representation, and instead, they demonstrate the importance of political institutions and the current political context as causes of women’s representation. The chapters show that the consequences of women’s representation are mixed. Women in office promote women’s issues and have worked to improve social policy, but little evidence exists that women are transforming the gendered nature of political arenas. Additionally, the presence of women in different arenas of representation has improved attitudes toward gender equality and democracy but to relatively small degrees. The chapter concludes by describing areas where more research is needed to help set a future research agenda on gender and representation in Latin America.

scholarly journals A Machine Learning Approach to Study the Relationship between Features of the Urban Environment and Street Value

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Venerandi ◽  
Giovanni Fusco ◽  
Andrea Tettamanzi ◽  
David Emsellem
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
French Riviera

Understanding what aspects of the urban environment are associated with better socioeconomic/liveability outcomes is a long standing research topic. Several quantitative studies have investigated such relationships. However, most of such works analysed single correlations, thus failing to obtain a more complete picture of how the urban environment can contribute to explain the observed phenomena. More recently, multivariate models have been suggested. However, they use a limited set of metrics, propose a coarse spatial unit of analysis, and assume linearity and independence among regressors. In this paper, we propose a quantitative methodology to study the relationship between a more comprehensive set of metrics of the urban environment and the valorisation of street segments that handles non-linearity and possible interactions among variables, through the use of Machine Learning (ML). The proposed methodology was tested on the French Riviera and outputs show a moderate predictive capacity (i.e., adjusted R 2 = 0.75 ) and insightful explanations on the nuanced relationships between selected features of the urban environment and street values. These findings are clearly location specific; however, the methodology is replicable and can thus inspire future research of this kind in different geographic contexts.

Symptoms of Alcohol Dependence Predict Suicide Ideation Among Alaskan Undergraduates

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. DeCou ◽  
Monica C. Skewes
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Students At Risk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alcohol Related Problems

Abstract. Background: Previous research has demonstrated an association between alcohol-related problems and suicidal ideation (SI). Aims: The present study evaluated, simultaneously, alcohol consequences and symptoms of alcohol dependence as predictors of SI after adjusting for depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption. Method: A sample of 298 Alaskan undergraduates completed survey measures, including the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire, the Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory – II. The association between alcohol problems and SI status was evaluated using sequential logistic regression. Results: Symptoms of alcohol dependence (OR = 1.88, p < .05), but not alcohol-related consequences (OR = 1.01, p = .95), emerged as an independent predictor of SI status above and beyond depressive symptoms (OR = 2.39, p < .001) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.08, p = .39). Conclusion: Alcohol dependence symptoms represented a unique risk for SI relative to alcohol-related consequences and alcohol consumption. Future research should examine the causal mechanism behind the relationship between alcohol dependence and suicidality among university students. Assessing the presence of dependence symptoms may improve the accuracy of identifying students at risk of SI.

The Relationship Between Interoception and Metacognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Meessen ◽  
Verena Mainz ◽  
Siegfried Gauggel ◽  
Eftychia Volz-Sidiropoulou ◽  
Stefan Sütterlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Heartbeat Perception ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Recently, Garfinkel and Critchley (2013) proposed to distinguish between three facets of interoception: interoceptive sensibility, interoceptive accuracy, and interoceptive awareness. This pilot study investigated how these facets interrelate to each other and whether interoceptive awareness is related to the metacognitive awareness of memory performance. A sample of 24 healthy students completed a heartbeat perception task (HPT) and a memory task. Judgments of confidence were requested for each task. Participants filled in questionnaires assessing interoceptive sensibility, depression, anxiety, and socio-demographic characteristics. The three facets of interoception were found to be uncorrelated and interoceptive awareness was not related to metacognitive awareness of memory performance. Whereas memory performance was significantly related to metamemory awareness, interoceptive accuracy (HPT) and interoceptive awareness were not correlated. Results suggest that future research on interoception should assess all facets of interoception in order to capture the multifaceted quality of the construct.

The Relationship Between Leader–Member Exchange and Employees’ Proactive Behaviors

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Fong-Yi Lai ◽  
Szu-Chi Lu ◽  
Cheng-Chen Lin ◽  
Yu-Chin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. The present study proposed that, unlike prior leader–member exchange (LMX) research which often implicitly assumed that each leader develops equal-quality relationships with their supervisors (leader’s LMX; LLX), every leader develops different relationships with their supervisors and, in turn, receive different amounts of resources. Moreover, these differentiated relationships with superiors will influence how leader–member relationship quality affects team members’ voice and creativity. We adopted a multi-temporal (three wave) and multi-source (leaders and employees) research design. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 227 bank employees working in 52 departments. Results of the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis showed that LLX moderates the relationship between LMX and team members’ voice behavior and creative performance. Strengths, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed.

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