scholarly journals Efforts to emulate human milk oligosaccharides

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (S1) ◽  
pp. S74-S79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa María Espinosa ◽  
Martha Taméz ◽  
Pedro Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
Chemical Structures

Research on human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) began with the characterisation of their chemical structures and is now focused on the elucidation of their biological roles. Previously, biological effects could only be investigated with fractions or structures isolated from breast milk; consequently, clinical observations were limited to comparisons between outcomes from breast-fed infants and their formula-fed counterparts. In some cases, it was inferred that the observed differences were caused by the presence of HMO in breast milk. Presently, analytical techniques allow for the fast analysis of milk samples, thus providing insights on the inherent variability of specimens. In addition, methods for the synthesis of HMO have provided single structures in sufficient quantities to perform clinical studies with oligosaccharide-supplemented formulae. Furthermore, studies have been conducted with non-mammalian oligosaccharides with the purpose of assessing the suitability of these structures to functionally emulate HMO. Taken together, these developments justify summarising current knowledge on HMO to further discussions on efforts to emulate human milk in regard to its oligosaccharide content. The present account summarises published data and intends to provide an historical context and to illustrate the state of the field.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides: The Journey Ahead

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan Ray ◽  
Joshi A. Kerketta ◽  
Subhash Rao ◽  
Snehal Patel ◽  
Shantanu Dutt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Signalling Molecules

Breast milk is a complex biological fluid that is rich in nutrients and bioactive agents that support the healthy growth and development of the newborns. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unconjugated glycans that constitute an important component of the protection conferred by breast milk on the neonate. HMOs may act locally on the neonatal intestine by acting as signalling molecules and directly interacting with the host cells. Although fucosylated and sialylated HMOs have little nutritional value, they exert important prebiotic as well as immunomodulatory effects on the infant gut. However, there is heterogeneity in the quantity and quality of HMOs in breast milk produced by mothers under influence of the genetic and environmental factors. This review encompasses the salient aspects of HMOs such as composition, function, structural diversity, and functional impact on the growth and survival of newborns. In this review, the current knowledge on HMOs is contextualised to discuss the gaps in scientific understanding and the avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Low Diversity of Human Milk Oligosaccharides is Associated with Necrotising Enterocolitis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Wejryd ◽  
Magalí Martí ◽  
Giovanna Marchini ◽  
Anna Werme ◽  
Baldvin Jonsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides

Difference in human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) composition in breast milk may be one explanation why some preterm infants develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) despite being fed exclusively with breast milk. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of 15 dominant HMOs in breast milk during the neonatal period and investigate how their levels correlated to NEC, sepsis, and growth in extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) infants who were exclusively fed with breast milk. Milk was collected from 91 mothers to 106 infants at 14 and 28 days and at postmenstrual week 36. The HMOs were analysed with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The HMOs diversity and the levels of Lacto-N-difucohexaose I were lower in samples from mothers to NEC cases, as compared to non-NEC cases at all sampling time points. Lacto-N-difucohexaose I is only produced by secretor and Lewis positive mothers. There were also significant but inconsistent associations between 3′-sialyllactose and 6′-sialyllactose and culture-proven sepsis and significant, but weak correlations between several HMOs and growth rate. Our results suggest that the variation in HMO composition in breast milk may be an important factor explaining why exclusively breast milk fed ELBW infants develop NEC.

scholarly journals New strategies for profiling and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides

Glycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 774-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Porfirio ◽  
Stephanie Archer-Hartmann ◽  
G Brett Moreau ◽  
Girija Ramakrishnan ◽  
Rashidul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human breast milk is an incredibly rich and complex biofluid composed of proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates, including a diverse repertoire of free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Strikingly, HMOs are not digested by the infant but function as prebiotics for bacterial strains associated with numerous benefits. Considering the broad variety of beneficial effects of HMOs, and the vast number of factors that affect breast milk composition, the analysis of HMO diversity and complexity is of utmost relevance. Using human milk samples from a cohort of Bangladeshi mothers participating in a study on malnutrition and stunting in children, we have characterized breast milk oligosaccharide composition by means of permethylation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. This approach identified over 100 different glycoforms and showed a wide diversity of milk composition, with a predominance of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs over nonmodified HMOs. We observed that these samples contain on average 80 HMOs, with the highest permethylated masses detected being &gt;5000 mass units. Here we report an easily implemented method developed for the separation, characterization and relative quantitation of large arrays of HMOs, including higher molecular weight sialylated HMOs. Our ultimate goal is to create a simple, high-throughput method, which can be used for full characterization of sialylated and/or fucosylated HMOs. These results demonstrate how current analytical techniques can be applied to characterize human milk composition, providing new tools to help the scientific community shed new light on the impact of HMOs during infant development.

scholarly journals Influence of sulfonated and diet-derived human milk oligosaccharides on the infant microbiome and immune markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (12) ◽  
pp. 4035-4048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice Quin ◽  
Sara D. Vicaretti ◽  
Nina A Mohtarudin ◽  
Alexander M. Garner ◽  
Deanna M. Vollman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote the development of the neonatal intestinal, immune, and nervous systems and has recently received considerable attention. Here we investigated how the maternal diet affects HMO biosynthesis and how any diet-induced HMO alterations influence the infant gut microbiome and immunity. Using capillary electrophoresis and MS-based analyses, we extracted and measured HMOs from breast milk samples and then correlated their levels with results from validated 24-h diet recall surveys and breast milk fatty acids. We found that fruit intake and unsaturated fatty acids in breast milk were positively correlated with an increased absolute abundance of numerous HMOs, including 16 sulfonated HMOs we identified here in humans for the first time. The diet-derived monosaccharide 5-N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) was unambiguously detected in all samples. To gain insights into the potential impact of Neu5Gc on the infant microbiome, we used a constrained ordination approach and identified correlations between Neu5Gc levels and Bacteroides spp. in infant stool. However, Neu5Gc was not associated with marked changes in infant immune markers, in contrast with sulfonated HMOs, whose expression correlated with suppression of two major Th2 cytokines, IL-10 and IL-13. The findings of our work highlight the importance of maternal diet for HMO biosynthesis and provide as yet unexplored targets for future studies investigating interactions between HMOs and the intestinal microbiome and immunity in infants.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Comprehensive Review towards Metabolomics

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Laura Corona ◽  
Anna Lussu ◽  
Alice Bosco ◽  
Roberta Pintus ◽  
Flaminia Cesare Marincola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
The Third

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most represented component in breast milk. They serve not only as prebiotics but they exert a protective role against some significant neonatal pathologies such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Furthermore, they can program the immune system and consequently reduce allergies and autoimmune diseases’ incidence. HMOs also play a crucial role in brain development and in the gut barrier’s maturation. Moreover, the maternal genetic factors influencing different HMO patterns and their modulation by the interaction and the competition between active enzymes have been widely investigated in the literature, but there are few studies concerning the role of other factors such as maternal health, nutrition, and environmental influence. In this context, metabolomics, one of the newest “omics” sciences that provides a snapshot of the metabolites present in bio-fluids, such as breast milk, could be useful to investigate the HMO content in human milk. The authors performed a review, from 2012 to the beginning of 2021, concerning the application of metabolomics to investigate the HMOs, by using Pubmed, Researchgate and Scopus as source databases. Through this technology, it is possible to know in real-time whether a mother produces a specific oligosaccharide, keeping into consideration that there are other modifiable and unmodifiable factors that influence HMO production from a qualitative and a quantitative point of view. Although further studies are needed to provide clinical substantiation, in the future, thanks to metabolomics, this could be possible by using a dipstick and adding the eventual missing oligosaccharide to the breast milk or formula in order to give the best and the most personalized nutritional regimen for each newborn, adjusting to different necessities.

scholarly journals Neutral Human Milk Oligosaccharides Are Associated with Multiple Fixed and Modifiable Maternal and Infant Characteristics

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meichen Wang ◽  
Zhenwen Zhao ◽  
Ai Zhao ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactation Stage

We aimed to identify if maternal and infant factors were associated with neutral human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) variability and examined the associations between HMOs concentration and infant growth and disease status in healthy Chinese mothers over a 6-month lactation period. We recruited mothers and their full-term infants as our subjects. At 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 4 weeks, and 6 months postpartum, all participants were interviewed to collect breast milk samples, obtain follow-up data and measure infant length and weight at their local hospital. A total of 23 neutral HMOs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- mass spectrometer (MS). Secretor and Lewis phenotype were determined by the concentration of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and Lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP)-II. The associations between maternal and infant factors with HMOs concentrations were investigated. A total of 464 human breast milk samples were collected from 116 mothers at four different time points. In total, 76.7% mothers were found to be Secretor and Lewis positive phenotype (Se+Le+), 17.2% were Se-Le+, 4.3% were Se+Le-, and 1.7% were Se-Le-. Several individual HMOs, including 2′-FL, Lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), LNFP-I were determined by Secretor phenotype. Most individual HMOs decreased at the later stage of lactation, except 3′-FL. We suggest that Secretor phenotype and lactation stage could influence most of the neutral HMOs. Concentrations of specific HMOs may be associated with maternal age, allergic history, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, infant gestational age and gender.

scholarly journals Profiles of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Relations to the Milk Microbiota of Breastfeeding Mothers in Dubai

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1727
Author(s):  
Carole Ayoub Moubareck ◽  
Maryam Lootah ◽  
Muna Tahlak ◽  
Koen Venema
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides

The composition of human breast milk is affected by several factors, including genetics, geographic location and maternal nutrition. This study investigated the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) of breastfeeding mothers living in Dubai and their relations with the milk microbiota. A total of 30 breast milk samples were collected from healthy Emirati and UAE-expatriates at Latifa Hospital. HMO profiling was performed using UHPLC-MS. Microbiota profiles were determined by sequencing amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. HMO concentrations were significantly higher in Emirati, and dropped with the lactation period in both groups of mothers. The Le (a−b+)-secretor (Le+Se+) type was the most abundant in Dubai mothers (60%), followed by the Le(a−b−)-secretor (Le−Se+) type (23%). Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were considerably lower in Dubai-based mothers, while Pseudomonas and Delftia (Hydrogenophaga) were detected at a higher abundance compared to mothers from other countries. Atopobium was correlated with sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose c, Leptotrichia and Veillonella were correlated with 6’-sialyl-lactose, and Porphyromonas was correlated with lacto-N-hexaose. The study highlights the HMO profiles of breastfeeding mothers in Dubai and reveals few correlations with milk microbial composition. Targeted genomic analyses may help in determining whether these differences are due to genetic variations or to sociocultural and environmental factors.

scholarly journals In Love with Shaping You—Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3568
Author(s):  
Christian Hundshammer ◽  
Oliver Minge
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Neonatal Development ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Depth Analysis

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally versatile sugar molecules constituting the third major group of soluble components in human breast milk. Based on the disaccharide lactose, the mammary glands of future and lactating mothers produce a few hundreds of different HMOs implicating that their overall anabolism utilizes rather high amounts of energy. At first sight, it therefore seems contradictory that these sugars are indigestible for infants raising the question of why such an energy-intensive molecular class evolved. However, in-depth analysis of their molecular modes of action reveals that Mother Nature created HMOs for neonatal development, protection and promotion of health. This is not solely facilitated by HMOs in their indigestible form but also by catabolites that are generated by microbial metabolism in the neonatal gut additionally qualifying HMOs as natural prebiotics. This narrative review elucidates factors influencing the HMO composition as well as physiological roles of HMOs on their way through the infant body and within the gut, where a major portion of HMOs faces microbial catabolism. Concurrently, this work summarizes in vitro, preclinical and observational as well as interventional clinical studies that analyzed potential health effects that have been demonstrated by or were related to either human milk-derived or synthetic HMOs or HMO fractions.

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