scholarly journals Oligosaccharides in infant formula: more evidence to validate the role of prebiotics

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 1339-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Vandenplas ◽  
Irina Zakharova ◽  
Yulia Dmitrieva
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Formula One ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Defecation Frequency ◽  
One Step ◽  
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ◽  
Breast Fed

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota differs between breast-fed and classic infant formula-fed infants. Breast milk is rich in prebiotic oligosaccharides (OS) and may also contain some probiotics, but scientific societies do not recommend the addition of prebiotic OS or probiotics to standard infant formula. Nevertheless, many infant formula companies often add one or the other or both. Different types of prebiotic OS are used in infant formula, including galacto-oligosaccharide, fructo-oligosaccharide, polydextrose and mixtures of these OS, but none adds human milk OS. There is evidence that the addition of prebiotics to infant formula brings the GI microbiota of formula-fed infants closer to that of breast-fed infants. Prebiotics change gut metabolic activity (by decreasing stool pH and increasing SCFA), have a bifidogenic effect and bring stool consistency and defecation frequency closer to those of breast-fed infants. Although there is only limited evidence that these changes in GI microbiota induce a significant clinical benefit for the immune system, interesting positive trends have been observed in some markers. Additionally, adverse effects are extremely seldom. Prebiotics are added to infant formula because breast milk contains human milk OS. Because most studies suggest a trend of beneficial effects and because these ingredients are very safe, prebiotics bring infant formula one step closer to the golden standard of breast milk.

Background for development of a new infant formula for healthy infant containing prebiotic oligosaccharides scGOS/lcFOS, 3'GL and postbiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
S.G. Makarova ◽  
◽  
O.V. Kuznezova ◽  
T.E. Lavrova ◽  
A.A. Kovalenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ◽  
Functional Components

Breast milk is the best nutrition for an infant. When breastfeeding is not possible, it is critical to choose an infant milk formula that functionally resembles breast milk effects. The current strategy in the industry of human milk substitutes is aimed at modulating gut microbiota via functional components of the «biotic» family (pre-, pro-, syn-, postbiotics). The most scientific interest lies in the area of numerous prebiotic oligosaccharides of human milk (HMOs). It is possible to combine several prebiotic oligosaccharides with different structures and mechanisms of action in infant formula designed to reproduce the compound effects of HMOs. In this regard, the best studied scGOS/lcFOS (9:1) receive more and more evidence of the efficiency and synergistic action with other prebiotic oligosaccharides. The special class of functional components – postbiotics – was described due to recent discoveries in milk base fermentation process. One of the most promising among them is 3’-galactosyllactose (3’-GL). 3’-GL is produced by bacteria during the fermentation process and it is structurally identical to 3’-GL, which is naturally found in colostrum, transitional and mature breast milk. The first results of in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated the safety and good tolerance, as well as promising local and systemic effects of a formula with 3’-GL, and especially in combination with the scGOS/lcFOS prebiotics (9:1) Key words: human milk substitutes, formula, human milk oligosaccharides, microbiota, biotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, 3’-GL, 3-galactosyllactose

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

Cerium in human milk samples and its transfer from blood to milk: Is there an elevated nutritional risk for breast-fed babies?

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Michalke ◽  
Montserrat González-Estecha ◽  
Elena M. Trasobares ◽  
Miguel Angel Herraiz ◽  
Augusto Giussani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Endomyocardial Fibrosis ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Paired Serum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Breast Fed

The general population is increasingly exposed to cerium (Ce), which is contained in industrial products or is present as nuclear Ce fission products. Some studies suggested a link between elevated Ce levels and endomyocardial fibrosis. Since breast milk is the optimal, and directly after birth, usually the sole nutrition for newborns, exposure of females to Ce and its transfer to infants by breast-feeding is of concern in neonate protection. Consequently, the transfer rate of Ce from blood to breast milk is of interest for elucidating the Ce exposure of infants. Biomonitoring of paired serum and breast milk samples provides such information about Ce transfer to human milk. Therefore, this study is aimed at clarification of the relationship between Ce in human milk and serum from respective mothers for elucidating Ce enrichment in human milk with possible nutritional risk for newborns. As a prerequisite a strictly quality-controlled Ce determination method applicable to very low Ce concentration was developed, and its figures of merit were determined and found to be sufficient for our purpose. It turned out that Ce concentration in milk from Munich (Germany) and Madrid (Spain) showed a median of 13 ng/L. Ce concentrations in serum were at limit of quantification (LOQ) 10 ng/L (Munich) or 21.6–70.3 ng/L (Madrid), suggesting a higher Ce intake in Madrid. No enrichment from blood to milk was seen, and no elevated nutritional risk for breast-fed babies from Ce was found. Ce in serum, but not in milk, could indicate environmental Ce.

Characteristics of Human Breast Milk Based on Infant’s Gender

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Moudah Alhindi ◽  
Hadohum Musallam ◽  
Esam Elhefian
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
Infant Sex ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Human milk is a complex fluid, which contains a number of constituents such as fats, proteins and vitamins, in addition to other compounds. These nutrients are needed for infant protection against infections and diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate some physicochemical properties and biochemical constituents content of human milk samples (based on the gender of the breast feeding infant). This includes acidity, density and viscosity, as well as lactose, protein, calcium and magnesium contents. Results showed that the highest value of viscosity as well as the highest percentages of protein and acidity were recorded for human breast milk for a boy (2.212 cP, 1.237% and 0.02% respectively) while close values for density and other biochemical contents were recorded for both types of samples. However, only the change in viscosity was found to be significant (p?0.05). Variations in some properties of human milk depending on the infant' sex could be of benefit for developing infant formula taking infant’s gender into consideration.

scholarly journals Energy intake from human milk covers the requirement of 6-month-old Senegalese exclusively breast-fed infants

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 1849-1855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anta Agne-Djigo ◽  
Komlan M. Kwadjode ◽  
Nicole Idohou-Dossou ◽  
Adama Diouf ◽  
Amadou T. Guiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months is advised by the WHO as the best practice to feed infants. Yet, some studies have suggested a gap between energy requirements and the energy provided by human milk for many infants at 6 months. In order to assess the adequacy of WHO recommendations in 6-month-old Senegalese lactating infants, a comprehensive study was designed to measure human milk intake by the dose-to-the mother 2H2O turnover method. Infants' energy intakes were calculated using daily breast milk intake and the energy content of milk was estimated on the basis of creamatocrit. Of the fifty-nine mother–infant pairs enrolled, fifteen infants were exclusively breast-fed (Ex) while forty-four were partially breast-fed (Part). Infants' breast milk intake was significantly higher in the Ex group (993 (sd 135) g/d, n 15) compared with the Part group (828 (sd 222) g/d, n 44, P= 0·009). Breast milk energy content as well as infants' growth was comparable in both groups. However, infants' energy intake from human milk was significantly higher (364 (sd 50) kJ/kg per d (2586 (sd 448) kJ/d)) in the Ex group than in the Part group (289 (sd 66) kJ/kg per d (2150 (sd 552) kJ/d), P< 0·01). Compared with WHO recommendations, the results demonstrate that energy intake from breast milk was low in partially breast-fed infants while exclusively breast-fed 6-month-old Senegalese infants received adequate energy from human milk alone, the most complete food for infants. Therefore, advocacy of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months should be strengthened.

Iron Sufficiency in Breast-Fed Infants and the Availability of Iron From Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Mcmillan ◽  
Stephen A. Landaw ◽  
Frank A. Oski
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Normal Adults ◽  
Breast Fed

Four infants were studied who had been exclusively breast-fed for periods varying from 8 to 18 months. All had grown sufficiently to have exhausted their prenatally acquired iron endowment with respect to meeting current needs for maintaining normal hemoglobin levels. All infants had normal hemoglobin values and normal serum iron values. Studies of iron absorption from breast milk and cow's milk were performed in ten normal adults. The absorption of iron from the human milk was significantly higher. These findings suggest that the iron present in human milk is sufficient to meet the iron requirements of the exclusively breast-fed infant until he approximately triples his birthweight.

scholarly journals Impact of Bifidobacterium lactis supplementation on fecal microbiota in infants delivered vaginally compared to Caesarean section

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetty Yuniaty ◽  
Fiva Kadi ◽  
Hadyana Sukandar ◽  
Mifta Novikasari ◽  
Pensri Kosuwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Bifidobacterium Lactis ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breast Fed

Background It has been reported that infants born by Caesareansection have altered gut microbiota, with lower n umbers ofbifidobacteria and Bacteroides, compared to that of infants whowere delivered vaginally. Probiotic supplementation has beenreported to have beneficial effects on the immune response,generally in relation to allergies.Objective To assess the effect of Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis)supplementation on the presence of B. lactis and bifidobacteriacounts in stool of infants during the first 2 months of life .Methods We conducted an observational study of 122 healthy,breast-fed infants delivered vaginally or by Caesarean section.Infants assigned to the test group received breast milk and formulasupplemented with the B. lactis probiotics. Infants in the controlgroup received breast milk and formula without probiotics.The presence of B. lactis and stool bifidobacteria counts weredetermined at 1 month and 2 months of age. Growth, morbidity,serum immune markers, and stool immunoglobulin (lg) A werealso assessed.Results B. lactis was more frequently detected in the stool ofinfants who received breast milk and probiotic-supplementedformula than in stool of infants who received breast milk andnon-supplemented formula, both at 1 month and 2 months ofage (OR 1,263; 95%Cl 11 to 15 1,030; P=0.003) . Of infants whoreceived probiotic-supplemented formula, B. lactis was detected in80% of those delivered by Caesarean section and in 3 8% of thosedelivered vaginally, at the 1-month mark. In infants delivered byCaesarean section, the mean stool bifidobacteria level at 1 monthwas significantly higher in the probiotic-supplemented groupcompared to that of the non-supplemented group (P=0.021) .Conclusion Early bifidobacteria supplementation of infants,particularly those delivered by Caesarean section, is associatedwith higher levels of stool bifidobacteria. Anthropometric datasuggests beneficial effect s of bifidobacteria supplementationon infant growth, though most are not statistically significant.

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