The Effect of Lizards on the Biological Control of Scale Insects in Bermuda

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona ◽  
Autumn And Winter

In an intensive study, begun in 1955, on the biological control of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) and Pulvinaria psidii Mask. on oleander (Nerium oleander) in Bermuda, several species of COCCINELLIDAE were successfully established, but none developed a population sufficient to control either scale. The failure of these apparently suitable species of Coccinellids was therefore investigated. It seemed possible that insectivorous lizards, which are very abundant everywhere, might be responsible.Dissection of a number of lizards, Anolis grahami, and A. leachi, in the autumn and winter indicated that at both these times their effect on the natural enemies of scale insects in general and of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and Pulvinaria psidii in particular, was considerable. Both Coccinellids and Hymenopterous parasites were eaten in large numbers. A surprising number of very small insects including ants, was eaten, and although a number of the insects eaten are harmful, on balance it would appear that, particularly with regard to the biological control of scale insects, the elimination from Bermuda of these lizards, which are introduced species, would be beneficial.Experiments are being carried out to test this, and the introduction of predacious birds, particularly that of the Trinidad kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, is planned.

scholarly journals Natural enemies of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidae) in Chile: molecular and morphological identification

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Amouroux ◽  
D. Crochard ◽  
M.C.G. Correa ◽  
G. Groussier ◽  
P. Kreiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
First Time

AbstractScale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are key pests of agricultural crops and ornamental plants worldwide. Their populations are difficult to control, even with insecticides, due to their cryptic habits. Moreover, there is growing concern over the use of synthetic pesticides for their control, due to deleterious environmental effects and the emergence of resistant populations of target pests. In this context, biological control may be an effective and sustainable approach. Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea includes natural enemies of scale insects that have been successfully used in many biological control programs. However, the correct identification of pest scale species and their natural enemies is particularly challenging because these insects are very small and highly specialized. Integrative taxonomy, coupling DNA barcoding and morphological analysis, has been successfully used to characterize pests and natural enemy species. In this study, we performed a survey of parasitoids and predators of armored and soft scales in Chile, based on 28S and COI barcodes. Fifty-three populations of Diaspididae and 79 populations of Coccidae were sampled over the entire length of the country, from Arica (18°S) to Frutillar (41°S), between January 2015 and February 2016. The phylogenetic relationships obtained by Bayesian inference from multilocus haplotypes revealed 40 putative species of Chalcidoidea, five Coccinellidae and three Neuroptera. In Chalcidoidea, 22 species were identified morphologically, resulting in new COI barcodes for 12 species and new 28S barcodes for 14 species. Two predator species (Rhyzobius lophantae and Coccidophilus transandinus) were identified morphologically, and two parasitoid species, Chartocerus niger and Signiphora bifasciata, were recorded for the first time in Chile.

Population studies and biological control of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on passion fruit in Western Samoa

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. M. M Liebregts ◽  
D. P. A Sands ◽  
A. S. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Western Samoa ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona ◽  
One Year

AbstractThe development of infestations of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) on passion fruit vines in Western Samoa was monitored at two sites over a period of 20 months, during which the aphelinid parasitoids Encarsia berlesei (Howard) and E. diaspidicola (Silvestri) were released. All vines were rated for P. pentagona infestations, and the female scale insects were counted on selected vines. At one site, the numbers of P. pentagona built up to over 10 000 adult females per vine before the parasitoids became established, and within one year 50% of the vines died. At the other site, where vines survived, an endemic coccinellid predator, Sticholotis quadrisignata Weise, kept populations below 3000 females per vine until the parasitoids became established. Biological control of P. pentagona was achieved at both sites eight months after the parasitoids were introduced. A model for interaction of P. pentagona and parasitoids predicted higher levels for parasitization than revealed by microscopic examination.

The Housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, as an Exotic Species in the Western Hemisphere Incites Biological Control Studies

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Legner ◽  
C. W. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
South America ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
North Central ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere

AbstractThe significance of the housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, as a probably introduced species in the Western Hemisphere is pertinent to a search for more exotic natural enemies in the Eastern Hemisphere. Avenues of entry into this hemisphere are discussed. A list is provided of the principal larval and pupal parasites found by the authors attacking M. domestica in North, Central, and South America and this is compared to species from the Eastern Hemisphere.

The Role of the Ant in the Biological Control of Homopterous Insects

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley E. Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Citrus Red Mite

The ant as a factor in “facultative helotism” plays an important role in the biological conrrol of certain agricultural pests. This phenomenon was noted by Linnè in 1758 (Jones 1929; Wheeler 1910), when he observed that honeydew-producing insects such as aphids, mealybugs, and scale insects often functioned as “cows of the ants.”The importance of this function in the biological control of homopteroas insects lies in the fact that certain species are effectively controlled by their natural enemies when ants are absent, but not when ants are present. The ant, in gathering the honeydew supplied by such homopterous insects, tends more or less automatically to protect them from their natural enemies (Huber 1810). This apparently protective effect is not limited to the honeydew-producing species hut is often extended to other phytophagous forms such as the citrus red mite, Paratetranychus citri (McGregor), (Kenyon 1935; DeBach, Fleschner, and Dietrick 1951) and diaspid scale insects (Flanders 1945) when such forms happen to be within the area of ant activity.

Yellow Brazilian Pepper-tree Leaf Galler (suggested common name) Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Insecta: Hemiptera: Calophyidae: Calophyinae)

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Cuda ◽  
Patricia Prade ◽  
Carey R. Minteer-Killian
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pepper Tree ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Tree Leaf

In the late 1970s, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), was targeted for classical biological control in Florida because its invasive properties (see Host Plants) are consistent with escape from natural enemies (Williams 1954), and there are no native Schinus spp. in North America. The lack of native close relatives should minimize the risk of damage to non-target plants from introduced biological control agents (Pemberton 2000). [...]

scholarly journals Biological Control of Armored Scale Insects in Mexico

1968 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Maltby ◽  
Eteazar Jimenez-Jimenez ◽  
Paul DeBach
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Armored Scale

scholarly journals Factors influencing the occurrence of fall armyworm parasitoids in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léna Durocher-Granger ◽  
Tibonge Mfune ◽  
Monde Musesha ◽  
Alyssa Lowry ◽  
Kathryn Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Interest In Research

AbstractInvasive alien species have environmental, economic and social impacts, disproportionally threatening livelihood and food security of smallholder farmers in low- and medium-income countries. Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), an invasive insect pest from the Americas, causes considerable losses on maize to smallholder farmers in Africa since 2016. The increased use of pesticides to control FAW in Africa raises concerns for health and environmental risks resulting in a growing interest in research on biological control options for smallholder farmers. In order to evaluate the occurrence of local natural enemies attacking FAW, we collected on a weekly basis FAW eggs and larvae during a maize crop cycle in the rainy season of 2018–2019 at four locations in the Lusaka and Central provinces in Zambia. A total of 4373 larvae and 162 egg masses were collected. For each location and date of collection, crop stage, the number of plants checked and amount of damage were recorded to analyse which factors best explain the occurrence of the natural enemy species on maize. Overall parasitism rates from local natural enemies at each location varied between 8.45% and 33.11%. We identified 12 different egg-larval, larval and larval-pupal parasitoid species. Location, maize growth stage, pest density and larval stage significantly affected parasitoid species occurrence. Our findings indicate that there is potential for increasing local populations of natural enemies of FAW through conservation biological control programmes and develop safe and practical control methods for smallholder farmers.

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