Time and the Law: International Perspectives on an Old Problem

1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalyn Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Physical World ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The Real ◽  
International Perspectives ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Relationship

I begin by confessing a general fascination with the concept of time. I puzzle endlessly over the relationship between time and matter, and the insistence of scientists that before the Big Bang time did not exist. I grapple with the relationship between time and speed, and the fact that if we could travel at the speed of light time would not move. I seek to grasp Stephen Hawking's recent conversion to the view that, in the physical world, time may yet run in reverse. I am intrigued that our concepts of time came to Australia only with the First Fleet, for aboriginal time was cyclical rather than linear. Events could recur, dead people could live again. I find exhilarating the idea that we see at this moment, through our telescopes, stars that no longer exist. I love the objective reality of the equator and the total artificiality of the meridian, and the intention that this felicitous fiction is the place for us to see in the “real beginning” of the next century.

scholarly journals The Mathematical Model of Space – Time and Gravity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Sohail Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Big Crunch ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Schwarzschild Radius

This model predicts the details of Origination (the Big Bang), Expansion, Contraction, Termination (the Big Crunch) and Repetition (the Big Loop) of Space – Time.It represents time as internally related to the system determined by the gravity. It gives the relationship between the speed of light and Gravitational constant.Further, Schwarzschild radius can be represented independently either of speed of light or Gravitational constant.The Gravitational Constant is directly proportional to Planck’s Length and inversely proportional to Planck’s Mass.It predicts the existence of the Multiverse or regions within the Universe.

SHOCK WAVE COSMOLOGY INSIDE A BLACK HOLE: THE CASE OF NON-CRITICAL EXPANSION

2004 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 429-443
Author(s):  
JOEL SMOLLER ◽  
BLAKE TEMPLE
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Equation Of State ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
State Formula ◽  
The Big Bang

We derive and analyze the equations that extend the results in [20,21] to the case of non-critical expansion k≠0. By an asymptotic argument we show that the equation of state [Formula: see text] plays the same distinguished role in the analysis when k≠0 as it does when k=0: only for this equation of state does the shock emerge from the Big Bang at a finite nonzero speed — the speed of light. We also obtain a simple closed system that extends the case [Formula: see text] considered in [20,21] to the case of a general positive, increasing, convex equation of state p=p(ρ).

2. Planet Earth

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
William Lowrie
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Chandler Wobble ◽  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Milankovitch Cycles ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Law ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
The Big Bang

Two important physical laws determine the behaviour of the Earth as a planet and the relationship between the Sun and its planets: the law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of angular momentum. ‘Planet Earth’ explains these laws along with the ‘Big Bang’ theory that describes the formation of the solar system: the Sun; the eight planets divided into the inner, terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, the Earth, and Mars) and the outer, giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune); and the Trans-Neptunian objects that lie beyond Neptune. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, the Chandler wobble, the effects of the Moon and Jupiter on the Earth’s rotation, and the Milankovitch cycles of climatic variation are also discussed.

Big Bang Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Y. Heimburger
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The Big Bang theory is a scientific model of the universe that posits a state of dense, centralized matter before the current, observable expansion of the universe in one giant explosion. While ‘the Big Bang’ was a phrase first used somewhat facetiously by British astronomer Fred Hoyle in 1949, it rested on earlier theories and observations by George Lamaitre, Albert Einstein, and Edwin Hubble. The implications of Big Bang theory have been far-reaching. For some, the Big Bang’s suggestion of a ‘beginning of time’ lent itself to familiar religious teleology. For others, it provided a rigid, mechanistic model of the physical world, which in turn affected ideas in the social sciences and humanities. This is not to say that Big Bang theory was a ‘grand unifying theory’—even in the 1920s, the rather precise predictions of Einstein’s theories of relativity conflicted with the conclusions of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and quantum mechanics. Still, the idea that the physical world exists due to the violent expansion (and subsequent contraction) of matter suggests a rather small place for humanity in the larger scheme of things. There is little room or need for free will in such a system—at least when it comes to matters of large-scale significance. Today, the Big Bang often stands as a euphemism for debates over God and human determinism in the universe, and lends itself to philosophic traditions such as nihilism and existentialism.

scholarly journals Merayakan Persahabatan Yang Memerdekakan Refleksi Atas Pandangan Odo Casel Tentang Misteri Kehadiran Karya Keselamatan Dalam Liturgi

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (29) ◽  
pp. 369-380
Author(s):  
Pius Manik
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The Real ◽  
Basic Reason ◽  
Real Presence ◽  
History Of ◽  
God's Grace ◽  
The Relationship

Scripture shows that liturgy is the basic reason why GOD saved his people so that God’s chosen people might freely worship God (Ex 4:23) in spirit and truth’ (Jn 4:24). Liturgy becomes a mediator and a moment for the real presence of God’s saving deed. The relationship between God and His/Her people is drawn into a reality in our liturgy.  Odo Casel reflects on our relationship with God is not a mere speculative idea but it is an objective reality that happens in our daily life. The Encyclic Mediator Dei emphasizes the Divine aspect of God’s grace in the history of salvation that restored our relationship with God.

The Nature of Legal Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Robert Alexy
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Normative System ◽  
Law And Morality ◽  
Systematic Reflection ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

Philosophy is general and systematic reflection about what there is, what ought to be done or is good, and how knowledge about both is possible. Legal philosophy raises these questions with respect to the law. In so doing, legal philosophy is engaged in reasoning about the nature of law. The arguments addressed to the question of the nature of law revolve around three problems. The first problem addresses the question: in what kinds of entities does the law consist, and how are these entities connected such that they form the overarching entity we call ‘law’? The answer is that law consists of norms as meaning contents which form a normative system. The second problem addresses the question of how norms as meaning contents are connected with the real world. The third problem addresses the correctness or legitimacy of law, and, by this, the relationship between law and morality.

NEW LOWER BOUNDS FOR WARP DRIVE ENERGY

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 2761-2761
Author(s):  
C. GAUTHIER ◽  
P. GRAVEL ◽  
J. MELANSON
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Spontaneous Formation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spatial Volume ◽  
Small Surface Area ◽  
The Big Bang

The introduction of the warp drive metric by Alcubierre1 has aroused great interest over the past few years. Using an uncertainty-type principle, Ford and Pfenning2 proved that the warp drive transport of a spaceship in a regular bubble having a radius of 100 m is unrealistic. However, Van Den Broeck3 has shown that the situation largely improves when one uses a warp drive bubble with a small surface area and large spatial volume. Putting aside many physics problems related to the realization of the warp drive concept, we show in this paper4 how to modify Van Den Broeck's idea to improve his results. We find new lower bounds for the warp drive energy by working on parameters whose latitude has never been considered before. We also consider micro warp drive bubbles which can be treated as physical entities of their own and could possibly be used to transmit information faster than the speed of light. The conditions prevailing just after the Big Bang allow the spontaneous formation of such micro bubbles which could still be present in our period of time.

scholarly journals Om oor God te praat: ’n Kritiese oorsig van gesprekke onder Afrikaanssprekende Christene van die gereformeerde tradisie (1998–2003)

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 274-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
I J J Spangenberg
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Master Narrative ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Reformed Tradition ◽  
Party Government ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Tradition

The book  Die  vreemde God en sy mense (The enigmatic God and his people) — published in 1998 — marks the beginning  of a new debate about God amongst Afrikaans-speaking people of  the reformed  tradition. The fall of the National Party government and the end of the Apartheid policy in 1994 forced  theologians to reflect on the authority of the Bible; the issue of creation, the Big Bang and evolution; the relationship between Christianity and other religions; the historical Jesus research and the possibility of a new reformation. Afrikaans-speaking people suddenly became part of the global village and could not ignore these issues anymore. Four tendencies in the debates are identified: (1) clinging to the credos of the reformed tradition and adhering to the master narrative of Western Christianity; (2) looking at the credos as cultural and time-conditioned ones but trying to integrate the theories of the Big Bang and evolution with the master narrative of Christianity, (3) breaking away from the master narrative of Western  Christianity and creating a new  tradition; (4) abandoning the Christian tradition altogether and exploring another religious tradition, especially Buddhism.

scholarly journals Expansion of the universe and its correlation with dark energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Puja Tiwari ◽  
Prof . M.N Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Satakshi Chatterjee ◽  
Prof. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

The Universe is expanding and science has got the relevant amount of evidence to prove that. The red shift of the distant galaxies prove that the Universe is expanding and at a good rate. The trouble is not with the expansion rather the force that is helping in this expansion. The Four Forces that is understood by physics are Gravitational Force, Electromagnetic Force, The Weak Force and The Strong Force. The four forces mentioned above unfortunately does not help in understanding the expansion of the Universe even after 13.8 billion years from the Big Bang. Initially it was thought that the Universe had an exponential expansion just after the Big Bang and this expansion will slow down before Gravity starts contracting the Universe. Well this theory got a setback after the Red Shift of the Galaxies showed that the Universe is still expanding.The expansion is happening still which means that the Gravitational Force is not being able to drift the galaxies towards one another. So what could be the unknown force that is repelling the galaxies from one another? Scientists have been working on this issue and many new concepts have been developed. Many scientists have argued that there is some force that is repelling the Universe but understanding this force has been difficult till now. Major scientists now agree that there is a force that is repelling the Universe and this force is not the four fundamental forces that are known to us. They have termed this force as the Dark Energy.What is this Dark Energy is a haunting question in today’s world. Only around 5% of the observable Universe is known till date. The rest around 95% is still a mystery to us. Of that 95% around 68% is Dark Energy. So the importance of understanding this force is the need of the hour. This force can tell a lot about the formation of the Universe from the start or it can even enlighten us if the Universe is eternal.The issue is as of now, this Dark Energy is hypothetical in nature as it has not been seen or felt by the instruments available to science today. The idea of Dark Energy goes to explain the expansion of the Universe, if Dark Energy is taken as some sort of Anti- Gravitational Force.Einstein’s theory of relativity talks of how space and time is intermingled with gravity. According to this theory space time gets modified due to the amount of matter that falls into the space. So if a planet sits on a space in the Universe it will cause a deviation in the space time field in such a way that it will accommodate the matter of the planet. So Einstein placed time as the fourth dimension and showed its importance in space. This theory stands true in majority of the cases in the Universe. The only hurdle being that inside the Black Hole this theory falters.Einstein and Schrodinger did interact with one another after he had understood that the Universe was expanding through the theory presented by Hubble. Earlier Einstein had stated that the Universe was Static. To counter the exigency that space time changes with matter he had proposed a constant by the name Cosmological Constant. Later he took the constant away stating that it was his blunder not to understand that the Universe was Expanding. Schrodinger had proposed to put the Cosmological Constant in the right side of the equation. This meant the constant may change with time and be considered more of a variable force. Though, Einstein later did not agree to the idea. Still it can be considered that both of them were talking about an extra force but could not come to any conclusion on this.Einstein in his special relativity theory had talked of conversion of energy to matter with his famous equation, E=mc^2. This meant that energy can be formed by matter and matter can be converted into energy. Though energy created from matter can be seen in Atom Bomb but matter created from energy is not seen. This paper will try to show how matter can be created from energy where Dark Energy acts as a Catalyst.This paper also tries to analyze the concept of Dark Energy as a non interacting supermassive energy (NISE). The paper will try to see the relationship between expanding Universe and Dark energy. The paper will try to develop a new spectrum that can make Dark Energy or NISE as stated in the paper visible or understandable. The paper will also like to see the relationship between Dark Energy and Photon. The paper will try to show how energy is converted from matter with the help of Dark Energy. 

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