THE COLONIAL SYSTEM OF POWER IN TURKISTAN

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-262
Author(s):  
Nadira A. Abdurakhimova
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

The history of Turkistan in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century has repeatedly attracted the attention of social scientists. It is widely recognized that the tendency of most Soviet authors was to consider this history under the rubric of “the progressive consequences of annexation to Russia,” at a time when the main historiographical trend was to investigate the history of revolutions, movements of the working class and peasants, riots among the people, and national-liberation movements. Under the same rubric, during a rather long period until the end of the 1980s, many problems of local Turkistan society were written about. As a result of this approach, some questions remained unasked—questions that challenged the officially mandated proposition that “despite tsarist colonialism, the annexation of non-Russian peoples to Russia was a progressive reality.” In particular, one of these questions has to do with the history of the state that governed the territory of Turkistan in the colonial and post-colonial periods.

Sources on Regulatory Activity of the Inorodtsy Local Self-Government Agencies in the South of Russia in the 19th - Early 20th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 364-374
Author(s):  
Irina V. Lidgieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Regulatory Activity ◽  
The South ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The article analyses public censure as a source of regulatory activity of the inorodsty (non-Russian indigenous ethnicities) local authorities in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. Integration of nomadic peoples in the all-Empire legal and economic sphere made provisions for continuation of some common law institutions. Among these were local self-government bodies. Local self-government activities in indigenous societies incorporate practices of representative democracy within the framework of customary and positive law and also interactions between state and society, all of which has much relevance to this day and age. Assembly (skhod) produced public censure that included purview with majority decision. Most sources come from the State archive of Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. General and special scientific research methods assess public censure as a source on the history of the inorodsty in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. The form of sentence was not fixed by law, and yet content analysis of documentary materials from the State Archive of the Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia concludes that it remained unchanged throughout the 19th – early 20th century. Content of public censure allows to reconstruct the spectrum of issues put before the assembly and to classify them by topic: legal, social, and financial and economic. The author concludes that verdicts of the inorodsty societies of the period, as legal acts of local significance and great information value, are one of the main sources on socio-political and socio-economic history of the region.

scholarly journals Characteristics of development of Tajik jewelry art at the turn of the 21st century

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01226
Author(s):  
Zarrina Umarova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Characteristic Features

The paper identifies and analyzes the characteristic features of the development of Tajikjewelry art in the late 20th - early 21st centuries. The author believes that at this time, after a long period of oblivion, there is a marked way to restoration of many lost and nearly forgotten folk traditions in Tajik jewelry art. This period of time can be distinguished as a transitional period in the history of Tajik jewelry art development. This issue carries a significant value in the history of Tajikistan because the jewelry art in the period from the 80ies ofthe 20th century to the early 20th century was previously not subjected to a dedicated study, which results in certain gaps in the research of modern Tajik jewelry art. Studying the characteristics of the development of jewelry art at the turn of the 21st century and of the problems faced by master jewelers (zargars) at that time will aid in the future to identify the most efficient ways of developing this industry and facilitate its becoming one of the export-oriented areas, taking into account that the Republic of Tajikistan possesses all the necessary natural resources.

scholarly journals DAYAH AND MEUNASAH IN ACEH: REFORM IN LOCAL CONTEXT

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Moch. Khafidz Fuad Raya
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

  The history of Islamic education in the early 20th century led to various changes, especially the emergence of madrasas as an Islamic schooling system. Traditional Islamic educational institutions inevitably have to harmonise and open themselves to transformation, even though they initially experienced opposition. Using a qualitative approach with a narrative documentation method based on historical texts and observations in several Islamic educational institutions in Aceh, this article focuses on revealing the history of the dayah and meunasah as a traditional Acehnese Islamic educational institution that underwent some fundamental changes. The results found: First, the existence of the dayah is more long-term than the meunasah even though both forms of this institution are rooted in the same ideological principles with different patterns, seen from the early 20th century until implementing sharia law in Aceh after the Helsinki peace agreement, the dayah was still existed by maintaining its institutional form. Second, the emergence of madrasas as a formation of the government’s political policy on the social conditions of the people that occurred has provided space for traditional Islamic educational institutions (such as the dayah) to open themselves to including general subjects, although this second result has led to struggles; Third, there is a contestation between dayah, Islamic schools, and madrasas, with public schools driven by traditionalist and modernist groups in maintaining their existence. The contest has opened the history of the dayah and meunasah into the form of public schools and madrasas in the future, both of which apply Islamic religious material, where public schools are superior to madrasas in terms of curriculum, educational programs, and human resources.

Publications of Russian Newspapers and Magazines of the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century as a Source on the History of the Kazakh National Liberation Movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4 (28)) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Zakish T. Sadvokasova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

The article provides an overview of newspaper and magazine publications of the second half of the 19th - early 20th century on the problem of the Kazakh national liberation movement. The participation of Kazakhs in the Pugachev uprising, the uprisings of I. Kutebarov, I. Taimanov, K. Kasymov, protests against the introduction of tsarist reforms on the territory of Kazakhstan and others are presented in the materials. The authors of latter are Russian officials, the military and others. Their value lies in the coverage of events, based on documents were discovered by the authors or written from eyewitnesses.

scholarly journals ANDEH SETIA: Women's Economic Mobilizer in Sulit Air in Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Addi Arrahman
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Approach

<p><em>Weaving handicrafts became the motor Minangkabau's economy at the beginning of the 20th. It encouraged the establishment of weaving centers, such as Amai Setia (1911) and Andeh Setia (1912). Amai Setia handicrafts' are still standing strong nowadays, while Andeh Setia is thus no longer known by the people of Sulit Air today. This paper uses the social history approach and exposes the history of the emergence and fall of Andeh Setia as an economic movement in Sulit Air. The establishment of Andeh Setia is inseparable from the role of ninik mamak and women in Sulit Air. Andeh Setia's success was ultimately drowned due to the loss of driving figures, the reduction in women's interest in weaving crafts, and the overflow of merantau. This finding also suggests that the economic independence of the people in Sulit Air, depends heavily on the role of </em>perantau<em>. This situation is thus an obstacle to the realization of economic independence. </em></p><p> </p><p>Kerajinan tenun menjadi penggerak perekonomian di Minangkabau pada awal ke-20. Ini mendorong terbentuknya pusat kerajaninan tenun, seperti Amai Setia (1911) dan Andeh Setia (1912). Kerajinan Amai Setia hingga saat ini masih dapat ditemukan, sedangkan Andeh Setia justeru tidak dikenal lagi oleh masyarakat Sulit Air hari ini. Padahal, pada tahun 1912, kualitas tenun Andeh Setia sangat diminati pasar. Itulah sebabnya, Andeh Setia menjadi penggerak ekonomi perempuan di Sulit Air. Artikel ini juga menemukan bahwa sebab hilangnya Andeh Setia adalah karena kehilangan tokoh penggerak, menurunnya minat kaum perempuan terhadap kerajinan tenun, dan menguatnya arus merantau.</p><p> </p>

Several Documents from the Fund of Cultural and Education Society “Trakiya” – Topolovgrad, Connected with the Thracian Bulgarians National Liberation Movement

Epohi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Ivanov ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Education Society ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
National Liberation Movement

The current publication presents five documents from the archive of the Cultural and education society “Trakiya” – Topolovgrad, preserved in the State Archive – Yambol (Fund 889 – Cultural and education society “Trakiya” – Topolovgrad), with some additional information about the national liberation movement of the Thracian Bulgarians in the early 20th century. The published documents contain evidence for the revolutionary activities of some IMARO leaders – Hristo Arnaudov, Apostol Dogramadjiev, Boyko Chavdarov and Dimitar Madjarov.

scholarly journals The «Khazar myth» as perceived by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yurevich Bystryukov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
History Of

A problem of continuity has always been a topical subject in Eurasian historiography and the name of L.N. Gumilyov appeard in this context most often. Some researchers recognized the ideological connection between the concept and Gumilyov, while the others rejected continuity and divided them: Russian philosophy of the early 20th century and Soviet scientism of the middle of 20th century. One of the plots is usually used to compare the ideas of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov it is an assessment of the role of the Khazar Kaganate in the history of the Eastern Slavs. Moreover, it was reviewed by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov. G.V. Vernadsky presented the history of Eurasia as a consistent set of attempts to create a unified state. Khazaria existed in the era of disintegration in the context of the state-forming process in Eurasia, based on the principle of rhythm. According to L.N. Gumilyov, the Khazars were colonized by representatives of the Persian and Byzantine branches of the Jewish people. The mix of the Khazar and Jewish ethnic groups was weighed down by the national traditions, which became the determining aspect of their different destinies. The Khazar Kaganate established political power in the Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus, had benefited from the intermediary trade between Europe and China, and only Svyatoslavs campaign became a closure of existence of this ethnic chimera. It can be said that the methodological approach of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov to the problem of Khazaria was fundamentally different and the only unifying factor was that these events were unfolding in the space of Russia-Eurasia.

Muslim Social Movement on the Periphery of the Russian Empire as Viewed by a Gendarmerie Agent: Materials from the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region

2018 ◽  
pp. 207-218
Author(s):  
Marina M. Imasheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In a stand-alone fond ‘Astrakhan Gubernia Gendarmerie Department’ from the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region, there are several files concerning the history of the Muslim social movement in the Astrakhan gubernia in the period between the two Russian revolutions. According to statistical data, in 1900s Astrakhan ranked second in Tatar population, falling short only of Kazan. Then and there, as in other places, institutionalization and activation of the Muslim social movement was underway. But the Astrakhan Muslim community had several specific features due to its history. First of all, it was multinational. The cosmopolitan Muslim community, the mahalla, had its own nature, and that left its imprint on the social movement in the region. The gendarmerie agent took interest in all aspects of Muslims social activity in the region: cultural and educational organizations, secular education, periodicals. The gendarmerie materials described personalities and activities of prominent Muslim figures of the early 20th century, not just of the regional, but also of the all-Russian scale. The uniqueness of the document is in its information potential for studying the Tatar and Muslim national movement in the Russian Empire, its impact on the life style of the ethno-confessional enclave of the Astrakhan Muslims, and history of its relations with gendarmerie. The author examines factors that contributed to the creation of the document, analyzes historical facts and reliability of information on different subjects, provides some interesting information on the Astrakhan Muslim social movement of the early 20th century, its leaders, etc.

scholarly journals Studying the History of Political and Legal Doctrines in Russian Jurisprudence in the 19th — Early 20th Century: Traditions, Directions, and Stages

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
A. V. Kornev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper attempts to reflect the origin of a specific branch of scientific knowledge — the history of political and legal doctrines. The subject field of this science and discipline includes many problems, the main of which, no doubt, is the understanding of the phenomenon of law and the state, which are closely related to other institutions. Nevertheless, it is the state and law that ultimately determine their character. This is a kind of tradition laid down by Western legal science that was strongly influenced by pre-revolutionary jurisprudence. Russian lawyers, many of whom continued their studies at Western universities as part of the "preparation for professorship" procedure, mostly followed the approaches developed there. This concerned both ontological and epistemological aspects.The author shows the difference between political and legal doctrines of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the century. The 1860s reforms served as a kind of impetus for their development. In addition, in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century pre-revolutionary legal science moved to a new, fundamentally different scientific level of studying political and legal institutions.There is another significant point. The problem is that, in fact, the historiography of this discipline and science has remained outside the framework of the history of political and legal doctrines. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap to some extent.The author notes that the relevance of the history of political and legal doctrines arises during a period of intense political life, when stable social groups (strata, classes) with different political, social and legal ideals are formed. This situation developed in Russia in the early 20th century.

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