Babylonian Music Again

Iraq ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. R. Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
Companion Article ◽  
Greek System ◽  
Ras Shamra

In Iraq 30 (1968) I published a fragmentary text from Ur, then numbered 7/80, containing part of a treatise on the tuning of the sammû instrument, and with the collaboration of the musicologist David Wulstan, who himself contributed a companion article, I added an interpretation, with a table showing that the text described seven different tunings, with instructions in two chapters for the conversion of each one to the next, first by lowering, then by raising the pitch of one string by a semitone. The copy of the text was subsequently published again as UET VII 74 and the number 7/80 was abandoned when the tablet was sent to Baghdad and renumbered in the Iraq Museum. This text, usually known as “the tuning text” — a better name would be “retuning text” — provided the decisive clue to the understanding of the Babylonian musical system and its terminology, which have since been expounded by several musicologists and compared with the Greek system of “octave species”. So well established did the theory become that it was applied without question by several scholars when a few years later a tablet apparently containing a musical notation using the same terminology was recognized among the tablets from Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Little notice was taken in 1982 when Raoul Vitale wrote an article calling in question the basic assumption of the theory that the tuning system and the scales were upward rather than downward. Only recently has M. L. West proposed in this article “The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Human Melodic Texts” (Music and Letters 75/4 [1993], 161–79) that Vitale's theory should be seriously considered.

Principles of Solution Focused Therapy and Their Application to Audiology

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
James C. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Helping Professions ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Client Centered Therapy ◽  
Solution Focused ◽  
Solution Focused Therapy

The concept of client-centered therapy (Rogers, 1951) has influenced many professions to refocus their treatment of clients from assessment outcomes to the person who uses the information from this assessment. The term adopted for use in the professions of Communication Sciences and Disorders and encouraged by The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is patient-centered care, with the goal of helping professions, like audiology, focus more centrally on the patient. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the principles used in a patient-centered therapy approach first described by de Shazer (1985) named Solution-Focused Therapy and how these principles might apply to the practice of audiology. The basic assumption behind this model is that people are the agents of change and the professional is there to help guide and enable clients to make the change the client wants to make. This model then is focused on solutions, not on the problems. It is postulated that by using the assumptions in this model audiologists will be more effective in a shorter time than current practice may allow.

METODE TAMYIZ (Sebuah Formulasi Teori Nahwu Shorof Quantum)

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-184
Author(s):  
Mukroji Mukroji
Keyword(s):  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Small Child

To be able to read and write and translate the Arabic writing, then the required mastery of nahwu shorof adequate. constraints faced by students during this time is the difficulty of formulating theories and nahwu shorof shorof yellow book with an easy way of learning. These constraints are: must learn to read the book and nahwu shorof; must learn to translate the book; must learn to understand the theory of the book; must learn to apply thetheory of the book is on the yellow book, even on a particular book should memorize nadhom. Tamyiz method is innovation and new breakthroughs in quantum nahwu shorof learning. With the basic assumption that a small child can, a small ever can. Submission of material is so fun from easy to difficult, so students do not feel pressured, even students without the burden of memorizing and translating the Qur'anic verses with ease. And Tamyiz this method is really a method that is able to deliver the students and those studying this method can quickly translate the Qur'an. Untuk dapat membaca dan menulis serta menterjemahkan tulisan yang berbahasa Arab, maka dibutuhkan penguasaan ilmu nahwu shorof yang memadai. kendala yang dihadapi santri selama ini adalah sulitnya memformulasikan teori nahwu dan shorof dengan cara pembelajaran yang mudah. Kendala tersebut adalah : harus belajar membaca kitab nahwu dan shorof; harus belajar menerjemahkan kitab tersebut; harus belajar memahami teori kitab tersebut; harus belajar mengaplikasikan teori kitab tersebut pada kitab kuning, bahkan pada kitab tertentu harus menghafal nadhom. Metode Tamyiz merupakan inovasi dan terobosan baru dalam pembelajaran nahwu shorof quantum. Dengan asumsi dasar bahwa anak kecil saja bisa, yang pernah kecil pasti bisa. Penyampaian materi begitu menyenangkan dari yang mudah ke yang sulit, sehingga santri tidak merasa tertekan, bahkan santri tanpa beban menghafal dan menterjemahkan ayat-ayat Qur‟an dengan mudah. Dan metode Tamyiz ini benar-benar sebuah metode yang mampu mengantarkan para santri dan mereka yang belajar metode ini dapat menterjemahkan Qur‟an dengan cepat.

Participation and spatial transformation in large housing estates in Poland. Case study of Ursynów Północny

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Krystyna Ilmurzyńska
Keyword(s):  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Spatial Transformations ◽  
Large Housing Estates ◽  
Existing Housing ◽  
Housing Estates

Abstract This article investigates the suitability of traditional and participatory planning approaches in managing the process of spatial development of existing housing estates, based on the case study of Warsaw’s Ursynów Północny district. The basic assumption of the article is that due to lack of government schemes targeted at the restructuring of large housing estates, it is the business environment that drives spatial transformations and through that shapes the development of participation. Consequently the article focuses on the reciprocal relationships between spatial transformations and participatory practices. Analysis of Ursynów Północny against the background of other estates indicates that it presents more endangered qualities than issues to be tackled. Therefore the article focuses on the potential of the housing estate and good practices which can be tracked throughout its lifetime. The paper focuses furthermore on real-life processes, addressing the issue of privatisation, development pressure, formal planning procedures and participatory budgeting. In the conclusion it attempts to interpret the existing spatial structure of the estate as a potential framework for a participatory approach.

Excitonic Coupled-cluster Theory: Part I, General Formalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhong Liu ◽  
Anthony Dutoi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Correlation ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Coupled Cluster ◽  
Effective Hamiltonian ◽  
Coupled Cluster Theory ◽  
Cluster Theory ◽  
Companion Article ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fragment Interaction

<div> <div>A shortcoming of presently available fragment-based methods is that electron correlation (if included) is described at the level of individual electrons, resulting in many redundant evaluations of the electronic relaxations associated with any given fluctuation. A generalized variant of coupled-cluster (CC) theory is described, wherein the degrees of freedom are fluctuations of fragments between internally correlated states. The effects of intra-fragment correlation on the inter-fragment interaction is pre-computed and permanently folded into the effective Hamiltonian. This article provides a high-level description of the CC variant, establishing some useful notation, and it demonstrates the advantage of the proposed paradigm numerically on model systems. A companion article shows that the electronic Hamiltonian of real systems may always be cast in the form demanded. This framework opens a promising path to build finely tunable systematically improvable methods to capture precise properties of systems interacting with a large number of other systems. </div> </div>

Excitonic Coupled-cluster Theory: Part I, General Formalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhong Liu ◽  
Anthony Dutoi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Correlation ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Coupled Cluster ◽  
Effective Hamiltonian ◽  
Coupled Cluster Theory ◽  
Cluster Theory ◽  
Companion Article ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fragment Interaction

<div> <div>A shortcoming of presently available fragment-based methods is that electron correlation (if included) is described at the level of individual electrons, resulting in many redundant evaluations of the electronic relaxations associated with any given fluctuation. A generalized variant of coupled-cluster (CC) theory is described, wherein the degrees of freedom are fluctuations of fragments between internally correlated states. The effects of intra-fragment correlation on the inter-fragment interaction is pre-computed and permanently folded into the effective Hamiltonian. This article provides a high-level description of the CC variant, establishing some useful notation, and it demonstrates the advantage of the proposed paradigm numerically on model systems. A companion article shows that the electronic Hamiltonian of real systems may always be cast in the form demanded. This framework opens a promising path to build finely tunable systematically improvable methods to capture precise properties of systems interacting with a large number of other systems. </div> </div>

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