Comparative studies of sheep and goats: milk yield and composition and growth rate of lambs and kids

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Economides
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Chios Sheep ◽  
Milk Feeding

SummaryTwo trials were carried out to compare the milk yield, milk composition and the rate of growth of naturally or artificially reared kids and lambs of Damascus goats and Chios sheep.Milk yield until weaning was similar in sheep and goats, but goats produced significantly more milk after weaning. Sheep milk was higher in total solids, fat, protein, lactose, ash and calorific value.Lambs and kids grew similarly during the ad libitum milk feeding period but lambs grew faster during the restricted milk feeding period. Solid feed intake of lambs until weaning was higher than that of kids and the results indicated that the rumen develops later in kids than in lambs. During the post-weaning period lambs consumed more feed, grew faster and utilized feed more efficiently than kids. Lambs were more sensitive to high copper supply than kids.

The effects of partial suckling on the lactation performance of Chios sheep and Damascus goats and the growth rate of the lambs and kids

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou ◽  
A. Louca
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Chios Sheep

SummaryTwo trials with 82 and 54 Chios ewes and one with 44 Damascus goats were conducted during 1973–4 to study the effects of partial suckling on lactation performance and the growth rate of the lambs and kids. The treatments studied were: (a) continuous (24 h a day) suckling; (b) partial (8 h a day) suckling and (c) partial with decreasing duration of suckling from 8 h daily to residual suckling, i.e. 20 min after each milking.No significant differences were found in either the 35-day milk yields (commercial milk yield+milk sucked) of ewes or the 70-day milk yields of goats between animals suckling continuously and those suckling partially. However, the 35-day and 70-day commercial milk yields of ewes and goats on the partial suckling treatments were significantly higher than those of ewes and goats on the continuous suckling treatment. Residual suckling of ewes from 36 to 120 days after lambing resulted in an increase in the total milk yield but not in the milk sold. Significant differences in milk yields were found between ewes nursing one and those nursing two lambs. The corresponding mean values for the 35-day milk yield were 78 and 94 kg and those for the 120-day milk yield 205 and 238 kg.Up to weaning (35 days for sheep and 70 days for goats) the growth rate of lambs and kids on the partial suckling treatments tended to be poorer than that of those on continuous suckling. After weaning, however, the growth rate of the partially suckled lambs and kids as well as that of the lambs on residual suckling from 36 to 120 days were as good as that of those suckling continuously so that the differences in the final weight were not significant.It is concluded that partial suckling in sheep and goats is profitable in the early stages of lactation provided that the milk left to the young and the intake of solid feed are sufficient to sustain satisfactory growth.

A note on the effect of number and genotype of kids on milk yield and composition of indigenous Greek goats (Capra prisca)

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zygoyiannis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Indigenous Breed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
Protein F

Four groups of 10 indigenous goats, suckling indigenous or crossbred, single or twin kids, were used to study the effect of sucking stimulus on milk yield and composition during a 12-week suckling period and over the first 20 weeks of the subsequent milking period. During the suckling period, goats with twins produced more milk (F < 0·001) than those with singles. There was no effect of kid genotype in goats rearing twins but single crossbreds took 1·11 times more milk than indigenous. Goats with single kids had higher concentrations of fat (F < 0·001), protein (F < 0·05) and lactose (F < 0·05) in milk than did those with twins. Growth rate of kids was related to differences in milk intake, with singles higher than twins (F < 0·001) and crossbred singles higher than indigenous singles (F < 0·05). It is concluded that the indigenous breed can respond to the increased sucking demand of twins but not sufficiently to meet their needs. During the milking period the mean yield was reduced to about one-third and was not dependent on the corresponding yield in the suckling period. There were minor differences of milk composition associated with number or genotype of kids suckled.

The effect of suckling regime on growth rate and lactation performance of the Cyprus Fat-tailed and Chios sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avraam Louca
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Chios Sheep ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARYSeventy-two Cyprus Fat-tailed and Chios ewes with their lambs were used over a 2-year period to study the effects of three suckling regimes on the lactation performance of ewes and growth rate of lambs. The regimes studied were continuous or 24-hr a day suckling, 12-hr suckling and no suckling. The lambs were weaned at the age of 10 weeks. All the ewes, including those suckling, were handmilked throughout the trial twice daily.Highly significant differences in milk yield (milk sucked by lambs plus milk withdrawn by hand) and lactation length were found between the Fat-tailed and Chios ewes, the respective average milk yields being 159 and 265 kg and the corresponding lactation lengths, 158 and 209 days. There were no significant differences between breeds in the live weight or average daily gain of lambs up to the age of 20 weeks. Suckling for 12 rather than 24 hr a day had no adverse effects on the milk yield of ewes or the growth rate of lambs. The no-suckling regime, however, adversely affected milk yield and lactation length but the effects were less pronounced for the Chios breed.

EFFECT OF LEVEL OF ALFALFA PELLETS ON INTAKE OF EARLY AND LATE HARVESTED TIMOTHY SILAGES OF DIFFERENT DRY MATTER CONTENT BY DAIRY COWS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. BURGESS ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
E. A. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
Ad Libitum

Two experiments were carried out, using 36 lactating Holstein cows, to determine the effect of three levels (0, 4.5 and 9.0 kg/day) of alfalfa pellets (AP) on the ad libitum consumption of early and late harvested timothy grass silages of different dry matter (DM) content. Cows consumed significantly more wilted than nonwilted silage DM for both the early and late harvested grass, although milk yields were similar for both groups. For the early harvested, wilted and nonwilted silages, feeding AP did not significantly depress silage DM intake until a level of 9.0 kg/day was reached. Total ration DM intake increased significantly with each increment of AP. With the late harvested silages, AP at the 9.0 kg/day level reduced nonwilted silage DM intake while with the wilted silage each increase of AP significantly lowered silage DM intake. Both the 4.5 and 9.0 kg/day of AP increased total DM consumption with the nonwilted silage but 9.0 kg/day of AP was required to significantly increase total DM intake for cows fed the late harvested, wilted silage. Milk yield and milk composition were not changed by the level of AP supplementation or the type of silage fed.

The effect of dietary inclusion of olive tree leaves and grape marc on the content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the milk of dairy sheep and goats

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Tsiplakou ◽  
Georgios Zervas
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Tree Leaves ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Grape Marc ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Olive Tree Leaves

Olive tree leaves (OTL) and grape marc (GM) are by-products with high linolenic (LNA) and linoleic (LA) acid content, respectively, which can be used as dietary ingredients to increase the cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat in sheep and goats. An experiment was conducted with 16 Friesian ewes and 16 Alpine goats to study the effect of OTL and GM inclusion in sheep and goat diets on their milk fatty acid profile, with emphasis on cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid (VA). Ewes and the goats were fed the control (C) diets from parturition to the 90 days in milk (DIM) and then both groups were divided into two sub-groups (treatments). The control groups of both species continued to be fed the C diets, whereas the treated groups were gradually switched over a 2-week period (DIM=91–105) from the C diets to that of treatment 1, which contained air-dried OTL. These OTL diets were fed ad libitum for 1 month (DIM=106–135). After that period, the same treated groups, after 2 weeks of gradual adaptation (DIM=136–150), were switched to treatment 2, which contained air-dried GM. The GM diets were fed ad libitum for 1 month (151–180 DIM). Concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids increased significantly in milk fat of sheep fed OTL v. C. For goats, only the PUFA in milk fat was increased by feeding OTL compared with C. Relative to C, GM increased significantly the concentration of PUFA only in milk fat of sheep. OTL and GM diets increased the cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA content in milk fat, compared with C, only in sheep. GM caused a sharp increase in 18:0 only in sheep milk fat, while the OTL diet increased significantly the 18:0 in milk fat of goats. GM and OTL diets also had opposite effects on the 18:1/18:0 ratio of sheep milk fat. In conclusion, OTL and GM, when included in sheep diets altered the milk fatty acid profile with a pronounced increase in cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA contents. The results show that the response of sheep and goats to OTL and GM diets was different, suggesting a species difference that needs further investigation.

Influence of milking and restricted suckling regimes on milk production and calf growth in temperate and tropical environments

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Sandoval-Castro ◽  
S. Anderson ◽  
J.D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of restricted suckling and milking regimes on milk yield, milk composition and calf growth. Experiment 1 was carried out in temperate conditions in the United Kingdom and experiment 2 under tropical conditions in Mexico. In experiment 1 a Latin rectangle (change-over) design with 3-week periods was used with eight Holstein Friesian cows suckling their Simmental-sired calves. Saleable milk yield (SMY), sucked milk (CSM), milk composition and calf performance were studied. The treatments were: once a day milking (a.m.) with suckling immediately after (1χAM); once a day milking (a.m.) with suckling p.m. (1χPM); twice daily milking with suckling after a.m. milking (2χAM); twice daily milking with suckling after each milking (2χ2χ). The cows were offered maize silage ad libitum and 4·3 kg dry matter (DM) per day of rapeseed meal plus minerals and vitamins. The calves had ad libitum access to concentrates (165 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM) and wheat straw. In experiment 2, 11 B. indicus χ B. taurus cows, suckling their Brahman-sired calves were used in an experiment with the same treatments and experimental design. Cows were offered star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) hay ad libitum and 4.0 kg DM per day of concentrate (117 g CP per kg DM). The calves had ad libitum access to concentrate (151 g CP/kg DM), star grass hay and Ramon leaves. For 1χAM, 1χPM, 2χAM and 2χ2χ respectively in experiment 1, the total milk yields (TMY = SMY + CSM) were 17.9, 18.0, 16.7 and 19.5 kg/day (s.e.d. 1.11) and SMY represented 0.70, 0.45, 0.77 and 0.53 of TMY. Corresponding results for experiment 2 were 6.0, 6.2, 7.0 and 7.1 kg/day (s.e.d. 0.32) and 0.69, 0.45, 0.78 and 0.61. Effects of treatment on milk yield and composition were consistent with the feedback inhibitor of lactation theory. It was concluded that different milking and restricted suckling patterns can be used to manipulate saleable milk production and calf growth. Holstein Friesian dairy cattle in a restricted suckling system without the calf presence at milking, behaved similarly to zebu-crossbred cows by reducing milk let down at milking.

scholarly journals Growth rate and behaviour in separated, partially separated or non-separated kids and the corresponding milk production of their mothers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Madeleine Högberg ◽  
Louise Winblad von Walter ◽  
Eva Hydbring-Sandberg ◽  
Björn Forkman ◽  
Kristina Dahlborn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Hard Cheese

Abstract We address the hypothesis that keeping kids and mothers together would have positive effects on the milk composition of the mother and the behaviour of the kids. Kids were either permanently separated (SEP), daily separated between 7.30 and 15 h (DAY-SEP) or kept with mothers 24 h/d (NON-SEP). The NON-SEP kids were only allowed to suckle one teat. All kids had similar growth rate throughout the study (lactation days 5–70). DAY-SEP kids spent 24% of their time with their mother at both ages. NON-SEP spent only 15% of the time with their mothers at 2 weeks of age and this increased to 28% at 2 months of age. NON-SEP kids showed more hiding behaviour at 2 weeks and SEP were more active alone, at both 2 weeks and 2 months, compared to the other treatments. The mean available milk yield and fat concentration were higher in DAY-SEP goats (2420 g ± 119 g and 4.9 ± 0.1%) compared with NON-SEP goats (2149 ± 79 g and 4.4 ± 0.1%). There were no differences between DAY-SEP and NON-SEP goats in total protein, lactose, or casein concentrations. Based on these data it was estimated that 7.1 kg milk was needed to produce 1 kg semi-hard cheese in DAY-SEP goats and 7.5 kg in NON-SEP goats, respectively. When comparing milk yield and composition between udder halves, the milk yield was, as expected, higher from the machine milked teat than from the suckled one in the NON-SEP goats but there was no difference between right and left udder halves in DAY-SEP goats. Milk fat concentration varied between teats at morning and afternoon milkings in NON-SEP goats, but there was no difference in milk fat between udder-halves in DAY-SEP goats. In conclusion, the kid growth rate was similar in all treatments, however, an altered behaviour was seen in permanently separated kids (SEP). The results show that it is possible to have a high milk yield and fat concentration with one kid together with the dam.

The nutrition of artificially reared lambs 2. The effect of feed restriction at three stages of growth on growth and carcass composition

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Morgan ◽  
J. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Feeding

SUMMARYLambs weaned from the ewe at 2 days of age were fed ad libitum or restricted in each of three periods of growth to a slaughter weight of 35 kg according to a factorial design. Restriction in the milk-feeding period was achieved by reducing the milk allowance (6·4 kg v. 13·6 kg of milk replacer) and after weaning, by restricting the daily allowance of feed.Restriction of the milk allowance reduced early growth but the effect was partly offset by the higher concentrate consumption of restricted lambs. There was also a tendency for lambs restricted in the milk period to eat more and grow faster when subsequently fed ad libitum. Performance after 15 kg on a diet containing no protein of animal origin was poor and the level of restriction was severe. Overall growth and efficiency from 15 to 35 kg were considerably reduced by any degree of restriction. However, there was no evidence that restriction in the middle period of growth had any effect on the performance of lambs fed ad libitum in the final period. Although carcass weight was not affected by treatment at any stage, restriction in the milk-feeding period and feeding ad libitum from 15 to 25 kg resulted in a greater weight of head, liver, heart and lungs (weighed together). Chemical analysis of the whole minced carcass showed that restriction of milk intake had a significant effect in reducing the carcass dry-matter content. There was also a trend towards a higher energy and fat content of the dry matter. Restriction in the final period increased the protein content of the carcass.

MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION IN BEEF COWS AND THEIR EFFECT ON COW AND CALF PERFORMANCE IN TWO ENVIRONMENTS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. RAHNEFELD ◽  
G. M. WEISS ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Stage Of Lactation

Relationships of milk yield and composition of 10 specific F1 crosses of beef cows with preweaning growth of their calves and with changes in the weight and subcutaneous fatness of the cows during lactation were examined over 2 yr for a population of 120 cow-calf pairs each year at two climatically distinct locations. The crosses were represented by the Hereford × Angus (HA) and nine crosses produced by mating Charolais (C), Simmental (S), and Limousin (L) sires to cows of Hereford (H), Angus (A), and Shorthorn (N) breeding. Environmental differences were provided by two climatically distinct locations (Brandon, Manitoba; Manyberries, Alberta) with two treatments (drylot confinement, T1; pasture, T2) imposed at each location. Milk was measured at 8-wk intervals commencing 1 June and terminating 1 October (weaning). Cow weight and fat at calving were positively associated (P < 0.0001) at both locations. Weight of the cow at calving was positively associated with average milk yield and calf growth rate at Manyberries (P < 0.0001), but at Brandon the association was positive but not significant (P > 0.05). Weight of cow at calving was positively associated with calf birth weight at Manyberries (P < 0.02). Calf preweaning growth rate was directly related to birth weight (P < 0.009). Calf sex had the expected effect on calf growth rate throughout lactation (M > F) but milk yield of the cow was not influenced by the sex of calf reared. Percentages of the milk constituents (butterfat (BF), solids-not-fat (SNF), protein (PT), declined as milk yield increased but the reduction was significant only for PT (P < 0.0005). Changes in cow weight and subcutaneous fat cover during lactation were inversely related with milk yield, the reductions in weight being significant (P < 0.008) at both locations and the loss of subcutaneous fat cover significant (P < 0.0001) only at Manyberries. Calf growth rate increased as milk yield increased with the largest regression coefficients at each stage of lactation provided by the estimate of average milk production for the complete lactation; however, this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The statistical model with the covariate average milk production accounted for approximately 58% of the variance for calf gain during the lactation period. The covariate alone contributed 36% of this total R2 value at Brandon and 48% at Manyberries. Simmental cross cows produced the fastest growing calves while HA and L cross cows produced the slowest growing calves at both locations. The highest milk yields were recorded for the S cross cows at both locations while HA cows were lowest at Brandon and LH the lowest at Manyberries. At both locations, the SN cows recorded the lowest values for % BF and % SNF, and the SA cows recorded the highest values for % PT. For % BF and % SNF, the HA cows were the highest at Brandon while at Manyberries, the LH cows recorded the highest values. Average milk yield (AMY) was the best milk production variable explaining variance associated with calf growth. The R2 values were higher at Manyberries than Brandon and the R2 values decreased as the lactation season progressed. The addition of any of the milk constituent variables added little to the R2 values for AMY. Key words: Milk yield, milk composition, calf growth, cow weight change, cow subcutaneous fat change

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