Efficiency of experimental designs for estimating common-row-and-column (CRAC) effects

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
J. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Even Order ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Three Factor

SUMMARYTwo factor designs are considered in which the levels of the two factors are linked (e.g. certain diallel cross and reciprocal transplant experiments). A common-row-and-column (CRAC) effect is defined as a systematic effect in the response when the treatment combination has the same level of the two factors. The efficiency of designs for estimating CRAC effects is discussed. Square designs with various levels of extra replication for CRAC treatment combinations and strand designs, based on omitting certain treatment combinations for which the two factors do not have the same level of the two factors, are defined and their efficiency examined.In the design for optimal estimation of a single CRAC effect in square or strand designs, half the total replication is in CRAC treatment combinations and half in the other combinations. This gives a major increase in design efficiency, particularly where the number of levels of the factors is five or greater. Designs with equal replication of all treatment combinations are generally very inefficient. The optimal square and strand designs have equal efficiency for estimating the CRAC effect, but the strand designs are more flexible in practice, requiring fewer plots to make a complete block and this relative flexibility increases with the number of levels of the factors.Most of the square or strand designs allow the estimation of n separate CRAC effects where n is the number of levels of the factors. Optimal square designs for estimation of separate CRAC effects give replication of CRAC combinations as ((n–1)(n–2)/2)½ times that of other combinations, which is different from the optimum value for estimating the single CRAC effect. However, for many designs, the difference is not of major importance because optimal designs for the estimation of a single CRAC effect are relatively insensitive to small deviations from the optimal ratio.When the replication of CRAC combinations differs from that of the other treatment combinations, the designs are less efficient in estimating the factor effects. Where estimation of factor effects is also of relevance, a trade-off between increased efficiency in the estimation of CRAC effects and of factor effects may be desirable.Strand designs are not as efficient as the optimal square design for estimating separate CRAC effects. For three-strand designs of even order examined, the CRAC effects are confounded with factor effects and are not all separately estimable. When factor effects and/or separate CRAC effects are of interest, square are preferable to strand designs.Some of the results generalize readily to three linked factors. There is a three-factor CRAC effect and three two-factor CRAC effects. The replication allocation for CRAC relative to other combinations, to optimize the estimation of the three-factor CRAC effect is (n–1)(n–2)/2 for the three-factor CRAC combinations and (n–2)/2 for the two-factor CRAC combinations. Selection to optimize the estimation of the two-factor CRAC effects gives very different optimal allocation.

PENGARUH UMPAN ASLI DAN UMPAN BUATAN DENGAN WAKTU PENANGKAPAN YANG BERBEDA PADA ALAT TANGKAP PANCING TANGAN (HAND LINE) TERHADAP JUMLAH DAN JENIS IKAN DI PERAIRAN TELUK MAUMERE

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
Erfin Erfin
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Night Time ◽  
The Real ◽  
Urban Village ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference

This research has been carried out on stairs 01 to samapai 30 july 2015 in wailiti urban village. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of the use of two kinds of treatments, namely the Original Feed (squid) and artificial rubber (rubber ventil) with the difference of time of catching the number and yield of the fish by using the fishing gear (hand line) in the waters of Teluk maumere sikka. The method used in this research is an experimental method in which the researcher is directly involved in the operation of catching with the fishing gear (hand line) by catching each of the two factors namely first, using the original feed difference (squid) and artificial feed (rubber vents). While the second factor is the difference of arrest wktu (morning, afternoon, and night). Of the two treatments, the catches obtained in the hand-fishing line operation, ie, in the treatment and replication that used the original uma (squid), obtained by catching sebanayak 321 fish with an average of 107. While mengguanakan bait making ( rubber ventil) obtained the catch sebanayak 293 tails with an average of 97.67. From the result of hypothesis testing, it was found that Fatbel real level of 0.05 and 0.01 showed the real result or Fcount = 3,477> Ftabel> (0,05). Then reject H0 is received with H1 with significant result. So the influence of the bait on the catch. Then the next will be calculated manggunakan Test Differences Honest (BNJ). At the BNJ Test, the highest yield of the A3B1 treatment was obtained by using original feed (squid) at night time capture.The conclusion obtained from this research is the treatment of kmbinasi which gives the best catch is the treatment of kimbinasi A3B1 which is significantly different from the other combination treatment

Information, Similarity and Vocalization in Serial Learning of Digits

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Slak
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Serial Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intralist Similarity ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Decimal Numbers ◽  
The Difference

32 Ss were given a serial learning task involving either quinary or decimal numbers. The reading of items was silent for one half and aloud for the other half of the Ss in a 2 × 2 factorial design. As evidenced by trials-to-criterion, quinary numbers were significantly more difficult to learn. Vocalization resulted in slower learning, but the difference was not significant. There was no interaction between the two factors. Additional analysis revealed a strong difference in the serial position curve between the two vocalization conditions, the aloud condition resulting in a stronger recency and weaker primacy effect. In learning numerically coded information, the decimal code was interpreted as superior to the quinary code because of higher information per item and lower intralist similarity.

Evaluation of the thermal factor in the vacuum therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kasperczyk ◽  
Robert Walaszek ◽  
Anna Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vacuum Pressure ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Vacuum Therapy ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Thermal Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: The aim of the work was to analyse changes in values of temperatures measured inside the cup and on the surface of the skin in the place where the cup was applied, using two slightly different variants of applying hot glass cups.<br/> Methods: The temperature was measured using two measuring instruments, the so-called multimeters, which were connected by wires with two K-type probes (thermocouples). One of them measured the temperature of the skin covered by the cup, and the other – the temperature inside the cup.<br/> Results: In variant I at the beginning of the test the temperature of the interior of the cup was 48.4°C, and of the skin inside the cup was 40.3°C. The difference between the temperature inside the cup and the temperature of the skin was therefore 8.1°C, i.e. 16.7%. In variant II, the temperature of the inside of the cup and of the surface of the skin were similar and amounted to 42.2 °C and 43.9 °C respectively. It means that right after applying the cup, the body temperature in the place of its application increased by 7.3°C, i.e. by 19.8% in relation to the normal body temperature.<br/> Conclusions: The experiment that was carried out allows us to claim that the applied vacuum therapy affects the tissues by two factors: vacuum pressure and heat, and that is why the hot cup should be considered more effective in the therapy than the cold cup.

scholarly journals ‘Far Away Days’ or ‘Far Distant Days’? Assessing Translation Acceptability in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and British National Corpus (BNC)

Humaniora ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Clara Herlina Karjo
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
National Corpus

Translating Indonesian reduplications into English is not an easy matter due to the difference in morphological form, syntactic function and semantic meaning of reduplications in both languages. For example, the phrase ‘jauh-jauh hari’ cannot be translated into ‘far-far day’. This translation is not acceptable since it follows exactly the form of the original text, or only focusing on the morphological form, while the other two factors are disregarded. Thus, in assessing the acceptability of the translation, those three factors should be considered. However, the acceptability of the translation can also be checked by comparing the translations with the corpus. This article analyzes the translations of 3 Indonesian reduplications by 50 university students and compares their translations with similar expressions found in COCA and BNC to find out the degree of acceptability of the translations. The results show which translations are acceptable and which are not based on the frequency of usage. 

Slow Down You’re Moving Too Fast

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lang ◽  
Nancy Schwartz ◽  
Sharon Mayell
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference

The study reported here compared how younger and older adults processed the same set of media messages which were selected to vary on two factors, arousing content and valence. Results showed that older and younger adults had similar arousal responses but different patterns of attention and memory. Older adults paid more attention to all messages than did younger adults. However, this attention did not translate into greater memory. Older and younger adults had similar levels of memory for slow-paced messages, but younger adults outperformed older adults significantly as pacing increased, and the difference was larger for arousing compared with calm messages. The differences found are in line with predictions made based on the cognitive-aging literature.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Factor Structure of the Hellenic WISC-III for Children with Learning Disabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 20445-20451
Author(s):  
Adam A ◽  
Kiosseoglou G ◽  
Abatzoglou G ◽  
Papaligoura Z.
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Picture Arrangement ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Verbal Subtest ◽  
Two Factors

The present research aims to examine the factor structure of the Hellenic WISC-III in a sample of 50 children with learning disabilities. The results show the existence of a factorial model with two factors, one aggregating the Comprehension verbal subtest with four performance subtests and the other the Picture Arrangement performance subtest with four verbal subtests. This two-factor model includes loadings in two factors that relate to the sequencing abilities and the verbal reasoning abilities of children. These findings assert the clinical value of the intelligence evaluation in these children.

Energy Approximation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Isett
Keyword(s):  
Main Lemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Continuous Solutions ◽  
Material Derivative ◽  
Energy Variation ◽  
Energy Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Vincentia Tri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Minimal Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

Rhetoric and argumentation: the unity of the field

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Meyer
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
False Dilemma ◽  
The Difference ◽  
As If

Rhetoric has always been torn between the rhetoric of figures and the rhetoric of conflicts or arguments, as if rhetoric were exclusively one or the other. This is a false dilemma. Both types of rhetoric hinge on the same structure. A common formula is provided in Chapter 3 which unifies rhetoric stricto sensu and rhetoric as argumentation as two distinct but related strategies adopted according to the level of problematicity of the questions at stake, thereby giving unity to the field called “Rhetoric.” Highly problematic questions require arguments to justify their answers; non-divisive ones can be treated rhetorically through their answers as if they were self-evident. Another classic problem is how to understand the difference between logic and rhetoric. The difference between the two is due to the presence of questions explicitly answered in the premises in logic and only suggested (or remaining indeterminate) in rhetoric.

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