Influence of crude protein content and flint maize processing methods on the performance of early-weaning Nellore calves

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
B. C. Silva ◽  
G. A. P. Souza ◽  
B. C. Lage ◽  
D. Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This study aims to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content of early-weaned calves; and the influence of flint maize processing methods on intake, total tract nutrient digestibilities and performance of Nellore heifer calves. Fifteen early-weaned Nellore female calves (4 ± 0.5 months; 108 ± 13.1 kg) were used. In phase 1, animals were fed one of the following diets for 112 days: 130, 145 or 160 g CP/kg dry matter (DM). In phase 2, animals received one of the two diets for 84 days: 0.60 dry ground maize grain, 0.30 whole-plant maize silage plus 0.10 mineral-protein supplement or 0.90 snaplage plus 0.10 mineral-protein supplement. In phase 1, intake and digestibility of dietary components were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing dietary CP content. Daily total urinary nitrogen (N) and urinary urea N increased (P < 0.05) in response to increasing dietary CP content. Animal performance was not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary CP content. In phase 2, maize processing methods did not affect (P > 0.05) intake and digestibility of dietary components as well as animal performance, carcase characteristics and carcase composition. Therefore, based on the current experimental condition, we conclude that dietary CP concentrations of 130 g/kg DM can be indicated for early-weaned Nellore calves. However, more studies are recommended to validate this result and to evaluate concentrations below 130 g CP/kg DM for early-weaned Nellore calves. Moreover, snaplage could be used as an exclusive fibre and energy source for finishing cattle in feedlot.

Rearing Dairy Heifers on Pastures Fertilized at Moderate Levels With or Without Supplemental Concentrates at Different Stages.

1969 ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Paul F. Randel ◽  
Jaime Vélez-Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Total Gain

The experiment involved 3 successive phases in rearing Holstein heifers at Corozal on pastures of mixed grasses, fertilized annually with 168, 56 and 112 kg/ha of N, P2O5 and K20, respectively, in 3 applications. Mean initial age was 9 months and liveweight (LW) 167 kg. In phase 1 (91 days), 39 control animals stocked at 5/ha and not supplemented gained 0.41 kg daily, inferior (P < 0.01) to the gain of a like number supplemented with 2 kg daily of 14% crude protein concentrate (0.64 kg), 8.6 kg of concentrate per kg of extra gain over the control. In phase 2 (182 days), 32 animals stocked at 4/ha gained less (P = 0.01) per head than 24 stocked at 3/ha (0.53 vs. 0.59 kg daily), but total gain per ha was 16.4% greater for the former. During 259 days of phase 3, while 3 groups of 19 each remained intact, grazing at 3.75 animals/ha without supplementation (treatment 1) resulted in lower (P = 0.01) gain than treatments 2 and 3, involving concentrate supplementation at 2.5 or 4 kg daily beginning 200 or 125 days before expected parturition (0.57 vs. 0.64 and 0.62 kg, respectively), but supplementation increased gains over the control very inefficiently. Mean LW increased from 318 kg in all 3 groups to 485, 513 and 497 kg in treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Only heifers of the latter 2 groups continued to receive concentrates after returning to their home farms in Cayey and Manatí until first calving. All animals received usual herd management postpartum. Mean 305-day first lactation milk production was 4292 kg in 18 control animals of phase 3, surpassing (not significantly, P = 0.05) productions of 3,771 and 3,869 kg by 16 and 17 former treatment 2 and treatment 3 animals, respectively. Stocking rates employed at each stage seemed suited to available pastures, and concentrate supplementation was unnecessary for rearing dairy heifers under these conditions.

Model Status as a Determinant of Observational Learning and Performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny McCullagh
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Observer Performance ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
High Status ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Actual Amount ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Better Than

The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine if model characteristics influence observer performance by exerting their prime influence on the attentional phase of observational learning as predicted by Bandura (1969). A second purpose was to determine whether model characteristics affected actual amount learned or whether merely performance levels were affected by this manipulation. There were two experimental phases. During phase 1, model status (high or low) and time of cueing (pre or post demonstration) were manipulated to test performance and attentional effects of model characteristics. During phase 2, subjects were offered an incentive before performance trials in an attempt to make a learning-versus-performance distinction. Phase 1 results indicated the subjects who viewed a high status model performed better than those viewing a low status model. The lack of any significant cueing effect suggested that model characteristics did not exert their prime influence on the attentional stage of observational learning. There were no group differences during phase 2, suggesting that performance but not actual amount learned was affected by the model status manipulation.

Effects of feeding diets containing low crude protein and coarse wheat bran as alternatives to zinc oxide in nursery pig diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey L Batson ◽  
Hilda I Calderón ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Feeding Diets

Abstract Two experiments determined the effects of crude protein (CP) in diets containing coarse wheat bran (CWB) with or without pharmacological levels of Zn on weanling pig growth performance. In Exp. 1, treatments included a positive control (21% CP) with 3,000 mg/kg Zn in phase 1 and 2,000 mg/kg in phase 2; negative control (21% CP) with 110 mg/kg Zn, and four diets containing 4% CWB and 110 mg/kg Zn formulated to 21, 19.5, 18, or 16.5% CP. The three diets with 21% CP and CWB contained 1.40% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys in phase 1 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 2, while the 19.5, 18, and 16.5% CP diets contained 1.35, 1.25 and 1.20% Lys, respectively. Pigs fed the diet containing pharmacological Zn had increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to the negative control and the 21% CP CWB diet. Reducing CP decreased ADG and G:F (linear, P = 0.002). In Exp. 2, diets consisted of: 1) positive control with 2,000 mg/kg of Zn and 21% CP (1.35% SID Lys); 2) 110 mg/kg Zn and 21% CP; and 3 diets with 110 mg/kg Zn and 18% CP with 3) 1.2% SID Lys; 4) 1.35% SID Lys by the addition of crystalline AA, and 5) diet 4 with added non-essential AA. Pigs fed 21% CP with Zn had increased (P = 0.001) ADG compared to those fed 18% CP (1.35% SID Lys) or 1.2% SID Lys. In summary, added Zn improved growth performance, but reducing CP did not.

267 Evaluating the Interaction Between Nursery Diet Complexity and Pharmacological Zinc and Copper

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 98-99
Author(s):  
Carson M De Mille ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract Weaned pigs are typically fed complex, highly digestible diets to maximize feed intake and weight gain as they transition into the nursery. Further, pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are commonly fed to mitigate weaning-related diarrhea and performance reductions. A 2 x 2 factorial design was utilized to determine the effect of diet complexity with or without Zn and Cu. Four-hundred and thirty-two weaned pigs were randomly allotted to 48 pens (n = 9 pigs/pens). Pens were assigned to one of four diets: 1) A high soybean meal diet (Simple), 2) Simple + ZnCu, 3) Low soybean meal diet with spray-dried plasma, casein, and oats (Complex), and 4) Complex + ZnCu. Diets were fed in two 14 d phases. For ZnCu there were 3,000 and 2,000 ppm Zn in phase 1 and 2, and 200 ppm Cu in both phases. Bodyweight and feed intake were determined in phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28). Pen was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed by diet complexity, pharmacological minerals and their interaction. No complexity by ZnCu interaction or diet complexity effects were observed in the 28 d study. However, ZnCu increased ADG (0.23 vs. 0.16 kg/day, P &lt; 0.0001), ADFI (0.28 vs. 0.24 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001), and GF (0.80 vs. 0.69, P &lt; 0.0001) in phase 1. In phase 2, ZnCu increased ADG by 9% (P = 0.008) and ADFI by 16% (P = 0.0001) compared to non-supplemented counterparts. Overall (0–28 d), ZnCu pigs had heavier end bodyweight (15.9 vs. 14.5 kg, P = 0.009), and greater ADFI (0.47 vs. 0.41 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, diet complexity (high levels of soybean meal versus specialized protein alternatives) did not alter nursery performance. Irrespective of diet complexity, pharmacological Zn and Cu improved performance parameters.

Profiling the Training Practices and Performance of Elite Rowers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 572-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Tran ◽  
Anthony J. Rice ◽  
Luana C. Main ◽  
Paul B. Gastin
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Training Time ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
External Frequency ◽  
Elite Rowers ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose:To investigate changes in physiology, performance, and training practices of elite Australian rowers over 6 mo.Methods:Twenty-one elite rowers (14 male, 7 female) were monitored throughout 2 phases: phase 1 (specific preparation) and phase 2 (domestic competition). Incremental tests and rowing-ergometer time trials over 100, 500, 2000, and 6000 m were conducted at the start of the season, midseason, and late season. Weekly external (frequency, duration, distance rowed) and internal (T2minute method) loads are reported.Results:Heavyweight male rowers achieved moderate improvements in VO2max and power at VO2max. Most other changes in physiology and performance were small or unclear. External loads decreased from phase 1 to phase 2 (duration 19.3 to 18.0 h/wk, distance rowed 140 to 125 km/wk, respectively). Conversely, internal loads increased (phase 1 = 19.0 T2hours, phase 2 = 20.3 T2hours). Low-intensity training predominated (~80% of training hours at T1 and T2), and high-intensity training was greater in phase 2. Training was rowing-focused (68% of training duration), although 32% of training time was spent in nonspecific modes. The distribution of specificity was not different between phases.Conclusion:Physiology and performance results were stable over the 6-mo period. Training-load patterns differed depending on the measure, highlighting the importance of monitoring both external and internal loads. The distribution of intensity was somewhat polarized, and substantial volumes of nonspecific training were undertaken. Experimental studies should investigate the effects of different distributions of intensity and specificity on rowing performance.

scholarly journals Effect of a high crude protein content diet during energy restriction and re-alimentation on animal performance, skeletal growth and metabolism of bone tissue in two genotypes of cattle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247718
Author(s):  
Tiago A. C. C. Silva ◽  
Simon P. Quigley ◽  
Lisa J. Kidd ◽  
Stephen T. Anderson ◽  
Stuart R. McLennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Plate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nutritional Treatment ◽  
Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Catch Up

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diet crude protein (CP) content and metabolisable energy (ME) intake on skeletal growth and associated parameters of growing steers prior to and during compensatory growth in weight and catch-up growth in skeletal elongation. The experiment was a factorial design with two cattle genotypes [Brahman crossbred (BX, 178 ± 6 kg) and Holstein-Friesian (HF, 230 ± 34 kg)] and three nutritional treatments; high CP content and high ME intake (HCP-HME), high CP content and low ME intake (HCP-LME) and low CP content and low ME intake (LCP-LME) with the ME intake of HCP-LME matched to that of LCP-LME. Nutritional treatments were imposed over a 103 d period (Phase 1), and after this, all steers were offered ad libitum access to the HCP-HME nutritional treatment for 100 d (Phase 2). Steers fed the high CP content treatment with a low ME intake, showed higher hip height gain (P = 0.04), larger terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes (P = 0.02) and a higher concentration of total triiodothyronine in plasma (P = 0.01) than steers with the same ME intake of the low CP content treatment. In addition, the low CP treatment resulted in significant decreases in bone volume (P = 0.03), bone surface area (P = 0.03) and the concentration of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in plasma (P < 0.001) compared to steers fed the HCP-HME treatment. A significant interaction between genotype and nutritional treatment existed for the concentration of thyroxine (T4) in plasma where HF steers fed LCP-LME had a lower T4 concentration in plasma (P = 0.05) than BX steers. All steers with a restricted ME intake during Phase 1 demonstrated compensatory growth during Phase 2. However, HF steers fed the LCP treatment during Phase 1 showed a tendency (P = 0.07) for a greater LWG during Phase 2 without any increase in dry matter intake. Results observed at the growth plate and hip height growth suggest that catch-up growth in cattle may also be explained by the growth plate senescence hypothesis. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the results demonstrate that greater CP intake during ME restriction does not increase compensatory gain in cattle during re-alimentation.

97 Formulating to Fermentable Protein Can Affect the Health and Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Richard Faris ◽  
Sabrina May ◽  
Sara Ebarb ◽  
Pengcheng Xue ◽  
Mark D Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Soy Protein Concentrate ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Pig Health

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fermentable protein (FP) on pig health and performance. FP is defined as the difference in ATTD CP and AID CP on a total CP basis. In experiment 1, 1,449 pigs (~19 d of age; initial BW = 5.9 ± 0.2 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22–23 pigs/pen) were blocked by pen location and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments with FP levels of 1.36, 1.26, 1.16, and 1.06 in phase 1 (d 0–11) and phase 2 (d 11–20.5). FP was decreased primarily through the addition of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and the reduction of soybean meal (SBM). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (~21 d of age; initial BW = 4.7 ± 0.7 kg, 8 reps/trt, 3 pigs/pen) were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments with FP levels of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20, 1.15, 1.11, and 1.07 for phase 1 (d 0–7) and 1.22, 1.17, 1.13, 1.08, 1.03, and 0.99 for phase 2 (d 7–21). FP was decreased through the incremental replacement of soybean meal with hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM. For both experiments, performance data was analyzed as a general linear model. Mortality and removal (M&R) and stool quality were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial or multinomial distribution, respectively. For experiment 1 (Table 1), the reduction in FP with SPC increased ADFI, decreased gain:feed, and reduced the probability of M&R from trial. For experiment 2 (Table 2), reduction of FP with HTM SBM linearly increased ADG, gain:feed, and probability of visually observing a more normal stool. A quadratic effect of reducing FP was also detected for ADG and ADFI. In conclusion, these two experiments highlight that reducing diet FP can influence health and performance of pigs.

scholarly journals Evaluating Cost and Performance for Improved Meningitis Disease Surveillance in Chad

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngozi Erondu ◽  
Ulla K. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
And Performance ◽  
System Phase

An evaluation study was conducted in Chad to improve meningitis surveillance after the introduction of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine. This project was carried out in four phases. Phase 1: Determine the actual costs of the current meningitis surveillance system; phase 2: Evaluate the performance and quality of the system; phase three: Determine the potential costs of scaling up the surveillance system to a feasible operational standard; and phase four: Use the results from Chad to develop a surveillance cost model that can be used for predicting the costs of surveillance strategies in other African meningitis belt countries.

scholarly journals 399 The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation improves animal performance of Nellore cattle grazed in tropical grass

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 161-161
Author(s):  
Vinicius N Gouvêa ◽  
Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
Luis Fernando Tamassia
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Tropical Conditions

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (HyD®) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of grazing Nellore beef cattle. Eighty finishing Nellore bulls were equally distributed according initial BW (437 ± 4.93 kg) in ten Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés paddocks (8 bulls per paddock) using a randomized complete block design with five replicates (paddocks) per treatment. Experiment was conducted in two phases during dry season, from August to November 2017. Phase 1 consisted in all animals receiving the same basal concentrate for 33 days. In phase 2, animals received the treatments for the following 63 days: 1) Control (basal concentrate, no HyD®) or 2) HyD (basal concentrate + 1mg of HyD®/bull/day). The basal concentrate (18% CP and 80% TDN) was formulated to have 82.0% ground corn, 12.0% soybean meal and 6.0% mineral-vitamin supplement (as % DM), being daily offered to bulls at 7.0 kg/animal/day in collective feeders located at each paddock. Final BW (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated for phase 1, 2 and total period, while supplement intake, hot carcass weight (HCW) and dressing percentage was evaluated for total period only. Mineral-vitamin supplement and HyD® were provided by DSM Nutritional Products. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS® 9.3, with each paddock considered one experimental unit and values declared significant when P &lt; 0.10. There was no treatment effect on phase 1 in FBW and ADG, as expected. In phase 2, treatment effects were observed for HyD in FBW (562.75 vs. 568.70; P = 0.094) and ADG (1.350 vs. 1.437 kg/day; P = 0.029) over the control group, respectively. Moreover, the total period ADG was greater for HyD treatment (1.311 vs. 1.375; P = 0.095). No effects were observed in carcass characteristics and concentrate intake. In conclusion, HyD® improves animal performance of Nellore beef cattle grazed in tropical conditions.

Phase 1/2 KEYNOTE-051 study of pembrolizumab (pembro) in pediatric patients (pts) with advanced melanoma or a PD-L1+ advanced, relapsed, or refractory solid tumor or lymphoma.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10525-10525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Geoerger ◽  
Hyoung Jin Kang ◽  
Michal Yalon-Oren ◽  
Lynley V. Marshall ◽  
Catherine Vezina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Tumor Imaging ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Advanced Melanoma ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Adult Dose ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Refractory Solid Tumor

10525 Background: In phase 1 of the KEYNOTE-051 study (NCT02332668), the 2 mg/kg Q3W approved adult dose of pembro was also determined to be the pediatric recommended phase 2 dose. In phase 2, presented herein, we further evaluated this dose in pediatric pts with advanced cancer. Methods: Children aged 6 mo to < 18 y with advanced melanoma or a PD-L1+ advanced, relapsed or refractory solid tumor or lymphoma, measurable disease per RECIST v1.1, and performance score ≥50 using Lansky Play or Karnofsky scales received pembro 2 mg/kg Q3W for 35 cycles or until confirmed disease progression per immune-related RECIST by investigator review, intolerable toxicity, or pt/investigator decision to discontinue. Tumor imaging was performed every 8 wk for the first 6 mo, then every 12 wk thereafter. AEs were graded by NCI CTCAE v4.0. Key efficacy endpoints were ORR, disease control rate (DCR), and PFS per RECIST v1.1 by investigator and OS. Results: Of 369 pts prescreened, 364 were evaluable for PD-L1 expression; of these, 121 (33.2%) were PD-L1+. 66 pts were enrolled; median follow-up was 2.5 mo (range, 0.2-18). As of the data cutoff (Nov 7, 2016), 23 (34.8%) pts were still on treatment. Median age was 13 y (range, 1-17), 77.3% had metastatic disease, and 34.8% had ≥3 prior lines of therapy for recurrent/metastatic disease. Primary diagnoses were non-CNS solid tumors (n = 45), CNS tumors (n = 16), and lymphoma (n = 5). 5 (7.6%) pts had grade 3-4 treatment-related AEs (TRAEs), most commonly neutropenia (n = 2). No treatment-related deaths occurred; 1 pt discontinued for a TRAE (grade 3 AST increased). 1 pt each with Hodgkin lymphoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, mesothelioma, and glioblastoma had partial response for an ORR of 6.1% (95% CI, 1.7-14.8); 7 (10.6%) pts had stable disease for a DCR of 16.7% (95% CI, 8.6-27.9). Median PFS and OS were 1.8 mo and 9.2 mo, respectively; 12-mo PFS was 10.2% and OS was 40.5%. Potential effects of pembro on the developing immune system (eg, T and B cells, vaccinated antibodies) will also be presented. Conclusions: Pembro showed low toxicity and warrants further study to determine activity in select pediatric tumors. Enrollment in KEYNOTE-051 is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02332668.

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