scholarly journals ‘Modernism’ and the Ethiopian Orthodox Sunday School Movement: Indigenous Movements and their International Connections

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
RALPH LEE
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sunday School ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Intellectual Heritage ◽  
Ethiopian Orthodox ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
School Movement

This article traces the history of twentieth-century Ethiopian Orthodox student movements formed in response to modernity, especially the influential Maḫbärä Qəddusan, ‘Association of Saints’, established in 1991 when Ethiopia's Communist regime fell. It explores parallels in Egyptian and Indian miaphysite Churches; balances the prevailing narrative of explosive Pentecostal growth which has obscured the influence of such movements; provides insight into networks that have stimulated renewal and responses to contemporary challenges through strong engagement with traditional literary and intellectual heritage; and explores training and publications promoting contemporary reflection on this heritage, the revival of important religious practices and the targeting of influential ecclesiastical and public positions.

scholarly journals The Psychoprophylactic Method of Painless Childbirth in Socialist Czechoslovakia: from State Propaganda to Activism of Enthusiasts

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ema Hrešanová
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
The West ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Pharmacological Method ◽  
Insight Into

This paper explores the history of the ‘psychoprophylactic method of painless childbirth’ in socialist Czechoslovakia, in particular, in the Czech and Moravian regions of the country, showing that it substantially differs from the course that the method took in other countries. This non-pharmacological method of pain relief originated in the USSR and became well known as the Lamaze method in western English-speaking countries. Use of the method in Czechoslovakia, however, followed a very different path from both the West, where its use was refined mainly outside the biomedical frame, and the USSR, where it ceased to be pursued as a scientific method in the 1950s after Stalin’s death. The method was imported to Czechoslovakia in the early 1950s and it was politically promoted as Soviet science’s gift to women. In the 1960s the method became widespread in practice but research on it diminished and, in the 1970s, its use declined too. However, in the 1980s, in the last decade of the Communist regime, the method resurfaced in the pages of Czechoslovak medical journals and underwent an exciting renaissance, having been reintroduced by a few enthusiastic individuals, most of them women. This article explores the background to the renewed interest in the method while providing insight into the wider social and political context that shaped socialist maternity and birth care in different periods.

Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 240-258
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter summarizes the conclusions drawn in earlier chapters and provides a brief overview of the question of ecclesiastical servitude up to the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Mastering the Nile? Confidence and Anxiety in D. S. George’s Photographs of the First Aswan Dam, 1899–1912

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Grinsell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
Aswan Dam ◽  
British Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Histories ◽  
History Of Empire ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The first Aswan Dam was built at the dawn of the twentieth century and celebrated as a triumph of imperial engineering. Five years after its completion, workers returned to extend the dam. Photographer D. S. George recorded both the building and extension projects for the Egyptian Public Works Department in a series of images that give a unique insight into the place of engineering in the imperial imagination. The dam was built at the same time as Britain was seeking to secure its domination of the Nile Valley, having recently seized control of Sudan. Mastering the river’s water was vital to expanding agriculture in Egypt, a central plank of British policy in the region. Representations of the dam speak to a larger history of empire and power in northeast Africa. This article examines the tension between bombastic confidence and nagging anxiety in the ideologies of empire. Drawing together water, engineering, and environmental histories, it explores the connections between attempts to control the politics of the Nile Valley and efforts to harness its waters. The key themes found in the albums—nature, technology, work, and conservation—will be used as lenses through which to scrutinize the peculiar form of modernity that engineers attempted to forge on the world’s longest river. This analysis reveals that imperial officials sought total mastery of the environment but that the difficulties faced in realizing such grand schemes also generated persistent anxieties and so helps us understand the fears that accompanied the ambitions of imperial modernity.

scholarly journals History of Neuro Rehabilitation in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Viktoriya S. Vorontsova ◽  
Mikhail M. Kanarskii ◽  
Marina V. Petrova ◽  
Igor V. Pryanikov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Everyday Reality ◽  
Insight Into

Medical rehabilitation is a process aimed at promoting and facilitating recovery from physical injury, psychological and mental disorders and clinical illness. The history of medical rehabilitation is a fascinating journey through time, providing insight into many different areas of medicine. When modern rehabilitation emerges in the mid-twentieth century, it stems from a combination of management approaches focusing on orthopedic and biomechanical understanding of movement patterns, on mastering neuropsychological mechanisms, and on an awareness of the socio-professional dimension of everyday reality.

Praying by Numbers: An Essay on Medieval Aesthetics

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91
Author(s):  
Niklaus Largier
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formal Basis ◽  
The Aesthetic

In this essay I argue that the imitation of examples of sainthood in the practice of prayer is the formal basis of a medieval aesthetics that focuses on the animation and the phenomenology of sensation and emotion. Quoting from this tradition and drawing on the mechanical character of such techniques of animation, nineteenth and twentieth-century authors and filmmakers——Flaubert, Huysmans, and Buññuel——explore the aesthetic possibilities of these religious practices. Thus, they recover and illustrate a history of the evocation of sensation and emotion through images and texts, which in the medieval context can be best described as a highly formal art of "praying by numbers."

scholarly journals A Plague of Kinyounism: The Caricatures of Bacteriology in 1900 San Francisco

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-514
Author(s):  
Lukas Engelmann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Hospital Service ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The arrival of bubonic plague in San Francisco in 1900 has become a pivotal case study in the history of American public health. The presence of plague remained contested for months as the evidence provided by the federal bacteriologist Joseph Kinyoun of the Marine Hospital Service was rejected, his laboratory methods disputed and his person ridiculed. Before the disease diagnosis became widely accepted, Kinyoun had been subjected to public caricature; his expensive and disruptive pragmatics for containing the epidemic were ridiculed as a plague of ‘Kinyounism’. Not only does this history offer insight into the difficult and contradictory ways in which bacteriology became an established science, it also provides an early twentieth-century example of ‘politicised science’. This paper revisits the controversy around Kinyoun and his bacteriological practice through the lens of caricature to sharpen the historical understanding of the shifting and shifty relationships between science, medicine, public health and politics.

Symposium: The History of Women in Education

1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. v-xiv
Author(s):  
Christine Woyshner ◽  
Bonnie Hao Kuo Tai
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Common School ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
School Movement

The nineteenth century saw major advances in educational opportunities for women and girls, from the common school movement in the early part of the century to multiple opportunities in higher education at the century's close. In the 1800s, women began to play central roles in education — as teachers and as learners, in formal and informal education settings, on the frontier and in the cities. What did these advances mean for the education of women and girls in the twentieth century? This Symposium looks at developments in the education of women and girls over the course of the twentieth century, including research currently being conducted by and about women who historically have been excluded from mainstream academic discourse.

scholarly journals The Idealism and Pantheism of May Sinclair

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Absolute Idealism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
May Sinclair ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDuring the early twentieth century, British novelist and philosopher May Sinclair published two book-length defenses of idealism. Although Sinclair is well known to literary scholars, she is little known to the history of philosophy. This paper provides the first substantial scholarship on Sinclair's philosophical views, focusing on her mature idealism. Although Sinclair is working within the larger British idealist tradition, her argument for Absolute idealism is unique, founded on Samuel Alexander's new realist beliefs about the reality of time. Her metaphysics takes idealism and pantheism in new directions and provides fresh insight into 1920s debates between British idealisms and realisms.

Fertility and Contraception during the Demographic Transition: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Szreter ◽  
Robert A. Nye ◽  
Frans van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Periodic Abstinence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Demographic, cultural, and oral-history approaches to the study of falling fertility in nineteenth-and twentieth-century France, Canada, Britain, Holland, Norway, and Finland confirm the importance of the persistent usage of “traditional” methods of birth control—such as coitus interruptus, abortion, and forms of periodic abstinence—throughout the period when fertility fell, though fertility fell in each case at a different point in time. These studies also use qualitative evidence that provides insight into the reasons for contraceptive preference, thereby combining the history of changing sexualities with the analysis of demographic change.

Gallery Four Life

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-204
Author(s):  
Holly Morse
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Women Writers ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Creative Power ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
The Bible ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Within popular Western interpretative traditions, as well as the majority of modern works on the reception history of Adam and Eve, the first woman’s role as a mother has ultimately been eclipsed by her action in the garden. Nonetheless, Eve is, according to the Bible, the first female to give birth to a child and begin the cycle of human procreation, thus representing a potent symbol of female creative power. Furthermore, some of the most poignant aspects of Eve’s story are bound up in her maternity; she is mother to all living but her children will know mortality because of her actions; she will suffer pain and anguish in order to bring about new life; and she will experience the death of her second son Abel at the hands of her firstborn, Cain. In this chapter, I explore the ways in which Eve’s motherhood is represented by a number of different trajectories growing out from the Hebrew Bible and early Jewish and Christian interpretations, visual art, and the work of pre-twentieth-century women writers. Each of these categories of interpretation offers their own unique insight into mother Eve, while also sharing considerable imagery and themes between them.

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