scholarly journals Solute Acquisition in Glacial Melt Waters. II Argentière (French Alps): Bulk Melt Waters with Open-System Characteristics

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (104) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Thomas ◽  
R. Raiswell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Solute Acquisition ◽  
System Characteristics

AbstractVariations in dissolved cations, total alkalinity, sulphate, and field pH are recorded for subglacial melt and bulk melt waters (those emerging from the portal) at Argentière (France), in peak and recession flow conditions. Calcium and bicarbonate are the major ions and the bulk melt waters are demonstrated to have acquired solutes by weathering and dissolution in a system open to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Subglacial melt waters have closed-system characteristics, are close to saturation with calcite and quartz, and must be in near-equilibrium with weathered particulates. Recession-flow bulk melt waters are chemically similar to subglacial melt but have open-system characteristics, either due to re-equilibration with the atmosphere for ground-water mixing.

scholarly journals Solute Acquisition in Glacial Melt Waters. II Argentière (French Alps): Bulk Melt Waters with Open-System Characteristics

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (104) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Thomas ◽  
R. Raiswell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Solute Acquisition ◽  
System Characteristics

AbstractVariations in dissolved cations, total alkalinity, sulphate, and field pH are recorded for subglacial melt and bulk melt waters (those emerging from the portal) at Argentière (France), in peak and recession flow conditions. Calcium and bicarbonate are the major ions and the bulk melt waters are demonstrated to have acquired solutes by weathering and dissolution in a system open to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Subglacial melt waters have closed-system characteristics, are close to saturation with calcite and quartz, and must be in near-equilibrium with weathered particulates. Recession-flow bulk melt waters are chemically similar to subglacial melt but have open-system characteristics, either due to re-equilibration with the atmosphere for ground-water mixing.

scholarly journals Solute Acquisition in Glacial Melt Waters. I. Fjallsjökull (South-East Iceland): Bulk Melt Waters with Closed-System Characteristics

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (104) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Raiswell ◽  
A.G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
Solute Acquisition ◽  
System Characteristics ◽  
Mixing Behaviour

AbstractVariations in dissolved cations, total alkalinity, sulphate, and field pH are recorded for samples of precipitation, supraglacial melt, and bulk melt waters (those emerging at the portal) from Fjallsjökull (south-east Iceland). The composition of supraglacial melt indicates derivation from precipitation by the acquisition of solutes from the weathering and dissolution of rock debris, in a system open to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Bulk melt waters have variable compositions, approaching saturation with calcite, which can be derived from supraglacial melt water by continued solute acquisition in a system closed to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Solute–discharge relationships suggest that chemical evolution of the bulk melt waters occurs when aggressive englacial waters are mixed with the solute and sediment-rich subglacial component. Simple mixing behaviour occurs over intermediate discharges as long as variations in the extent of post-mixing evolution are small compared to changes in the mixing ratio.

scholarly journals Solute Acquisition in Glacial Melt Waters. I. Fjallsjökull (South-East Iceland): Bulk Melt Waters with Closed-System Characteristics

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (104) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Raiswell ◽  
A.G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
Solute Acquisition ◽  
System Characteristics ◽  
Mixing Behaviour

AbstractVariations in dissolved cations, total alkalinity, sulphate, and field pH are recorded for samples of precipitation, supraglacial melt, and bulk melt waters (those emerging at the portal) from Fjallsjökull (south-east Iceland). The composition of supraglacial melt indicates derivation from precipitation by the acquisition of solutes from the weathering and dissolution of rock debris, in a system open to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Bulk melt waters have variable compositions, approaching saturation with calcite, which can be derived from supraglacial melt water by continued solute acquisition in a system closed to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Solute–discharge relationships suggest that chemical evolution of the bulk melt waters occurs when aggressive englacial waters are mixed with the solute and sediment-rich subglacial component. Simple mixing behaviour occurs over intermediate discharges as long as variations in the extent of post-mixing evolution are small compared to changes in the mixing ratio.

scholarly journals A direct pathway for the conversion of propionate into pyruvate in Moraxella lwoffi

1968 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hodgson ◽  
J. D. McGarry
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Isocitrate Lyase ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Reserve Material ◽  
Propionate Metabolism ◽  
Cell Material ◽  
Lyase Activity

1. The identity of the organism previously known as Vibrio O1 (N.C.I.B. 8250) with a species of Moraxella is established. 2. The ability of cells to oxidize propionate is present only in cells with an endogenous respiration and this ability is increased 80-fold when the organism is grown with propionate. 3. Isocitrate lyase activity in extracts from propionate-grown cells is the same as that in extracts from lactate-grown cells, about tenfold greater than that in extracts from succinate-grown cells and slightly greater than half the activity in extracts from acetate-grown cells. 4. With arsenite as an inhibitor conditions were found in which the organism would catalyse the quantitative oxidation of propionate to pyruvate. When propionate was completely utilized pyruvate was metabolized further to 2-oxoglutarate. 5. The oxidation of propionate by cells was incomplete both in a ‘closed system’ with alkali to trap respiratory carbon dioxide and in an ‘open system’ with an atmosphere of oxygen+carbon dioxide (95:5). Acetate accumulated. Under these conditions [2−14C]- and [3−14C]-propionate gave rise to [14C]acetate. The rate of conversion of [2−14C]propionate into 14CO2, although much less than the rate of conversion of [1−14C]propionate into 14CO2, was slightly greater than the rate of conversion of [3−14C]propionate into 14CO2. 6. The oxidation of propionate by cells was complete in an ‘open system’ with an atmosphere of either oxygen or air. Under these conditions very little [1−14C]propionate was converted into 14C-labelled cell material. The conversion of [2−14C]- and [3−14C]-propionate into 14C-labelled cell material occurred at an appreciable rate, the rate for the incorporation of [3−14C]propionate being slightly more rapid. In the absence of a utilizable nitrogen source part of the [14C]propionate was incorporated into some reserve material, which was oxidized when added substrate had been completely utilized. 7. [14C]-Pyruvate produced from [14C]propionate was chemically degraded. The C(1) of propionate was found only in C(1) of pyruvate. At least 86% of C(2) of pyruvate was derived from C(2) of propionate and at least 92% of C(3) of pyruvate from C(3) of propionate. 8. These results are incompatible with the operation of any of the previously described pathways for propionate metabolism except the direct one, perhaps via an activated acrylate.

scholarly journals METABOLISMO LÍQUIDO DA MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA, CALCIFICAÇÃO E FLUXOS DE DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO EM DOIS RECIFES COSTEIROS SUJEITOS A DIFERENTES GRAUS DE IMPACTO: COROA VERMELHA E TAIPÚS DE FORA, BAHIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Friederichs Landim de Souza ◽  
Thaís Bomfim Santana
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions

This study intended to compare physical and chemical variables, net ecosystem metabolism (production – respiration) and calcification-carbonate dissolution rates in two coastal reefs subject to different levels of anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and organic matter. The coast surrounding Coroa Vermelha reef presented a higher degree of urbanization and touristic activities than Taipus de Fora at the time of sampling. The temperature, dissolved inorganic nutrients, total alkalinity, and total suspended solids were significantly higher in Coroa Vermelha reef, probably as a result of the anthropogenic inputs. These variables in Taipus de Fora were comparable to those found in the literature for Recife de Fora, an offshore protected reef and other less impacted reefs.  Total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and carbon dioxide partial pressure were lower and pH was higher in the reef flat than at the surrounding seawater. There was a prevalence of an influx of atmospheric carbon dioxide to reef water, net autotrophy and calcification. A significant correlation was observed between net calcification and net community metabolism. The benthic photosynthesis in the reef flat during low tide decreases the carbon dioxide partial pressure and increases the aragonite saturation state, establishing thermodynamic conditions that favor calcification.   

scholarly journals The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1995-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. González-Dávila ◽  
J. M. Santana-Casiano ◽  
M. J. Rueda ◽  
O. Llinás
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Time Series ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Anthropogenic Co2 ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
System Variables

Abstract. The accelerated rate of increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and the substantial fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions absorbed by the oceans are affecting the anthropocenic properties of seawater. Long-term time series are a powerful tool for investigating any change in ocean bio-geochemistry and its effects on the carbon cycle. We have evaluated the ESTOC (European Station for Time series in the Ocean at the Canary islands) observations of measured pH (total scale at 25 °C) and total alkalinity plus computed total dissolved inorganic carbon CO2 concentration (CT) from 1995 to 2004 for surface and deep waters, by following all changes in response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The experimental values for the partial surface pressure of CO2 from 1995 to 2008 were also taken into consideration. The data were treated to better understand the fundamental processes controlling vertical distributions in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2, CANT. CT at constant salinity, NCT, increased at a rate of 1 μmol kg−1 yr−1 in the first 200 m, linked to an fCO2 increase of 1.7±0.7 μatm yr−1 in both the atmosphere and the ocean. Consequently, the ESTOC site has also become more acidic, −0.0018±0.0003 units yr−1 over the first 100 m, whereas the carbonate ion concentrations and CaCO3 saturation states have also decreased over time. The rate of change is to be observed over the first 1000 m, where at 300, 600, and 1000 m the NCT increases at a rate of 0.69, 0.61 and 0.48 μmol kg−1 yr−1, respectively. The vertical distribution of the carbonate system variables are affected by the water mass structure and, to a different extent, controlled by the production/decomposition of organic matter, the formation/dissolution of carbonates, and differences in their respective pre-formed values. At 3000 m, 30% of the inorganic carbon production is related to the dissolution of calcium carbonate, with a total of 35% at the bottom. The total column inventory of anthropogenic CO2 for the decade was 66±3 mol m−2. A model fitting indicated that the column inventory of CANT increased from 61.7 mol m−2 in the year 1994 to 70.2 mol m−2 in 2004. The ESTOC site is presented by way of a reference site to follow CANT changes in the North Atlantic Sub-tropical gyre.

scholarly journals CO<sub>2</sub> perturbation experiments: similarities and differences between dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity manipulations

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 4441-4462 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Schulz ◽  
J. Barcelos e Ramos ◽  
R. E. Zeebe ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) through human activities and invasion of anthropogenic CO2 into the surface ocean alters the seawater carbonate chemistry, increasing CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3

scholarly journals The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3067-3081 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. González-Dávila ◽  
J. M. Santana-Casiano ◽  
M. J. Rueda ◽  
O. Llinás
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Anthropogenic Co2 ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon

Abstract. The accelerated rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the substantial fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions absorbed by the oceans are affecting the anthropocenic signatures of seawater. Long-term time series are a powerful tool for investigating any change in ocean bio-geochemistry and its effects on the carbon cycle. We have evaluated the ESTOC (European Station for Time series in the Ocean at the Canary islands) observations of measured pH (total scale at 25 °C) and total alkalinity plus computed total dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (CT) from 1995 to 2004 for surface and deep waters, by following all changes in response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The observed values for the surface partial pressure of CO2 from 1995 to 2008 were also taken into consideration. The data were treated to better understand the fundamental processes controlling vertical distributions in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2, CANT. CT at constant salinity, NCT, increased at a rate of 0.85 μmol kg−1 yr−1 in the mixed layer, linked to an fCO2 increase of 1.7±0.7 μatm yr−1 in both the atmosphere and the ocean. Consequently, the mixed layer at ESTOC site has also become more acidic, −0.0017±0.0003 units yr−1, whereas the carbonate ion concentrations and CaCO3 saturation states have also decreased over time. NCT increases at a rate of 0.53, 0.49 and 0.40 μmol kg−1 yr−1 at 300, 600, and 1000 m, respectively. The general processes controlling the vertical variations of alkalinity and the inorganic carbon distribution were computed by considering the pre-formed values, the production/decomposition of organic matter and the formation/dissolution of carbonates. At 3000 m, 30% of the inorganic carbon production is related to the dissolution of calcium carbonate, increasing to 35% at 3685 m. The total column inventory of anthropogenic CO2 for the decade was 66±3 mol m−2. A model fitting indicated that the column inventory of CANT increased from 61.7 mol m−2 in the year 1994 to 70.2 mol m−2 in 2004. The ESTOC site is presented as a reference site to follow CANT changes in the Northeast Atlantic Sub-tropical gyre.

scholarly journals AIR-SEA FLUX OF CO2 IN THE WATERS OF KARIMUNJAWA ISLAND, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Nurul Latifah ◽  
Sigit Febrianto ◽  
Anindya Wirasatriya ◽  
Hadi Endrawati ◽  
Muhammad Zainuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Average Value

The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of CO2 flux in Karimunjawa in the east monsoon.  The variables in this study were temperature; pH; salinity; DO; CO2 atm was measured using a CO2 meter; chlorophyll-a, phosphate, silicate were measured spectrophotometric method. Total Alkalinity / TA was measured using the titration method with the principle of changing pH; DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) was measured using CO2sys software. The partial pressure of seawater carbon dioxide calculated using formula: pCO2sea = 6.31T2 + 61,9 Chla2 – 365.85T – 94.41 Chl-a +5715.94, the partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide calculated using formula: pCO2atm = xCO2atm (pb - pH2O).  The calculation of the estimated CO2 flux using the formula: Flux CO2 = Kh x kwa x (∆pCO2)  , if the CO2 flux has a positive value water acts as a CO2 source, and if it is negative, the waters act as a CO2 sink..  CO2 flux in Karimunjawa waters during east monsoon (represented by August 2018) showed that in Karimunjawa waters with normal pH 7.2-7.4 were dominated by bicarbonate ion HCO3-with an average value of  DIC 1847.24 µmol/kg dan TA 1912.51 µmol/kg.  The partial pressure of seawater CO2 is higher than the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2  this indicates that the role of Karimunjawa waters as a source of CO2 where there is release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere with CO2 flux values ranging from 8.549 – 13.272 mmol m-2 day-1.  The variables that affect the flux of CO2 were the pCO2sea and ΔpCO2 with a very strong and positive correlation. These two variables were influenced by sea water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, phosphate and silicate.

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