The stability of the Parental Bonding Instrument over a 20-year period

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAY WILHELM ◽  
HEATHER NIVEN ◽  
GORDON PARKER ◽  
DUSAN HADZI-PAVLOVIC
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Parental Bonding ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parental Bonding Instrument ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
The Stability ◽  
State Depression ◽  
Over Time

Background. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) measures the perception of being parented to the age of 16 years. Low scores on the care dimension and high scores on the overprotection dimension are considered to be risk factors of depression. While the PBI has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument, the stability of the PBI over extended periods (taking into account individual characteristics and life experience) needs to be demonstrated.Method. The PBI was measured in a non-clinical cohort on four waves between 1978 and 1998, along with a series of self-report measures including state depression and neuroticism. Differences in PBI change over time were examined by gender, lifetime major depression diagnosis, and life event variables, as well as by scores on neuroticism and state depression.Results. Acceptable retest coefficients on PBI scores over the 20-year study were found for the cohort. No differences were found in PBI scores over time on the variables examined, including sex and depression measures.Conclusions. The results indicate long-term stability of the PBI over time. The influences of mood state and life experience appear to have little effect on the stability of the perception of parenting as measured by the PBI. The present study increases confidence in the PBI as a valid measure of perceived parenting over extended time periods.

“You just can’t get better at creativity”: Categorising skill proficiency as a product of ‘traits’ or ‘training’

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Satchell ◽  
Emily Mason-Apps ◽  
Randy J. McCarthy ◽  
Sherria Hoskins
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Theories Of Intelligence ◽  
Theories Of Intelligence ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

Research on ‘implicit theories’ of intelligence and ability suggests that individuals tend to be predominantly more ‘entity’ or fixed (skill is invariant over time), or ‘incremental’ or growth (abilities are improvable and changeable) in terms of their beliefs about the nature of intelligence. However, there have been few investigations of participants’ willingness to make these implicit theories explicit across a range of capabilities. Here, we investigate the responses participants give when asked to categorize Schooling, Creative, Physical fitness or Home skills as the product of the ‘traits’ an individual has or the ‘training’ they receive as part of life experience and development. Participants also completed individual differences measures of held implicit theories of intelligence. A total of 488 participants from the UK and US completed the study. On average, 26% of the skill judgments were categorised as ‘trait’. The categorisations varied by skill, with the skills ironing (11.90%) and chemistry (12.10%) receiving the fewest ‘trait’ categorisations and the skills of singing (63.20%), drawing (63.20%), and painting (57.70%) receiving the most. In general, the Creativity domain received the highest average trait endorsement (39.71%). Participants’ self-report fixed implicit theories of intelligence also predicted the number of trait categorisations they made. The results are discussed in the context of research indicating the possible implications on outcomes of domain-specific beliefs.

Australian Adolescents' Perceptions of their Parents

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Cubis ◽  
Terry Lewin ◽  
Fiona Dawes
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Parental Bonding ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parental Bonding Instrument ◽  
Psychosocial Profiles ◽  
Report Measure

We examined the characteristics of a self-report measure for assessing perceptions of parents, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), in an adolescent community sample (N = 2,147; mean age = 15.4 years). Using factor analysis, three PBI dimensions were identified — the original Care factor and two Protection factors: perceived social control and personal intrusiveness. Important sex differences were found which were not evident in the two factor structure recommended by Parker [1, 2]. Relative to sons, daughters saw their fathers as more personally intrusive and their mothers as less socially controlling and much more caring. Overall, adolescents perceived mothers as more caring but more personally intrusive than fathers. Adolescents who saw their father as uncaring and their mother as controlling tended to have the least positive psychosocial profiles.

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING SELF-REPORTED COGNITION OVER TIME

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S220-S220
Author(s):  
Nikki Hill ◽  
Mindy Katz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Family History ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Item Type ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Problems ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Self-reported cognitive problems among cognitively intact older adults are often associated with an increased risk of future cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, cross-sectional evidence suggests that self-reported cognition may be more influenced by factors such as personality or affective symptoms than concurrent objective cognitive performance. Furthermore, self-reported cognition is measured using a variety of items that assess different constructs (e.g., current memory performance, perceived decline over time), which may be differentially influenced by individual characteristics or item interpretation. The purpose of this symposium is to present findings from multiple analyses that examined the influence of individual characteristics (i.e., personality, perceived stress, and family history of dementia) on self-reported cognitive problems, and to further describe how item type influences older adults’ responses to questions about their memory. First, we present the results of an investigation that examined the influence of personality on three types self-reported memory, with a specific focus on how these associations may differ in Black and White older adults. Second, we extend this discussion with results of an examination of associations among personality, family history of AD, and memory self-report. Our third presentation explores bidirectional associations between perceived stress and memory complaints over time. And finally, we present the results of a factor analysis of self-reported cognition items that distinguishes those that tend to travel together over time from those that are better at discriminating between individuals.

Il benessere psicologico dei caregiver di pazienti con gravi disturbi psichiatrici: uno studio osservazionale

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-101
Author(s):  
Francesca Pierazzuoli ◽  
Elisa Gatti ◽  
Laura Gorla ◽  
Giacomo Tognasso ◽  
Alessandra Santona
Keyword(s):  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Parental Bonding ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parental Bonding Instrument ◽  
Sono Stati

La presente ricerca esplora alcune caratteristiche psicologiche presenti nei fratelli con funzione di caregiver di pazienti con gravi patologie psichiche. Gli autori si focalizzano su aspetti quali la percezione della relazione con le figure genitoriali, le esperienze traumatiche, i tratti di personalità e alcune caratteristiche psicosociali. Il campione è costituito da 60 partecipanti: 30 fratelli di persone con gravi patologie psichiatriche (Gruppo A), reperiti all'interno di associazioni di fami liari e servizi psichiatrici territoriali, e 30 partecipanti del gruppo di controllo (Gruppo B) reclutati bilanciandoli al gruppo A in termini di caratteristiche; i partecipanti di entrambi i gruppi risultano residenti al Nord Italia. Sono stati impiegati i seguenti questionari self-report: il Parental Bonding Instrument- PBI, il Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2-MMPI-2, l'Inventario delle Esperienze Traumatiche- TEC e un Questionario anamnestico. I risultati mettono in luce come i fratelli caregiver di persone con grave disagio psichico presentino diverse caratteristiche peculiari rispetto al gruppo di controllo; ci si riferisce, in particolare, alle caratteristiche della struttura familiare, alle difficoltà relazionali con le figure genitoriali e alle esperienze traumatiche vissute a livello familiare.

Longitudinal Evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum- Short Form (MHC-SF)

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne M. A. Lamers ◽  
Cees A. W. Glas ◽  
Gerben J. Westerhof ◽  
Ernst T. Bohlmeijer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Differential Item Functioning ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Over Time

This study evaluated the measurement invariance of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), a 14-item self-report questionnaire for measuring emotional, social, and psychological well-being. The study draws on data of a representative panel (Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences of CentERdata). 1,932 Dutch adults filled out the MHC-SF at four timepoints over 9 months. We used item response theory analyses with two-parameter models to examine differential item functioning across demographics, health indicators, and timepoints. The results indicated differences in the performance of one item (social well-being) for educational level, one item (social well-being) for sex, and two items (psychological well-being) for age. The MHC-SF is highly reliable over time, as there was no differential item functioning across the four timepoints. Furthermore, the means and reliabilities of the subscales were consistent over time. The MHC-SF is a reliable and valid instrument to measure positive aspects of mental health.

Incarcerated Adolescents' Distress and Suicidality in Relation to Parental Bonding Styles

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L McGarvey ◽  
Ludmila A Kryzhanovskaya ◽  
Cheryl Koopman ◽  
Dennis Waite ◽  
Randolph J Canterbury
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Parental Bonding ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Parental Bonding Instrument ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Incarcerated Adolescents

This study examines the relationships between the bonding style of an incarcerated adolescent with parents and his/her current feelings of self-esteem, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts and attempts. It also investigates differences between bonding to mother and bonding to father. Some 296 incarcerated adolescents were interviewed using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Significant relationships were found between youths' self-esteem, hopelessness, and suicidal behavior and their bonding style. Youths whose parent(s) had a parental bonding style of affectionless control reported the greatest distress, and youths whose parent(s) had an optimal bonding style reported the least distress. Differences were found between bonding styles with the mother and with the father. Attachment theory may be useful in targeting incarcerated youths who have affectionless control bonding with parent(s) for special interventions since these youths are most at risk for psychosocial problems.

On the Robustness of Solution Strategy Classifications

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Contreras ◽  
Víctor J. Rubio ◽  
Daniel Peña ◽  
José Santacreu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Study Strategies ◽  
Solution Strategy ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Strategy Changes ◽  
Over Time

Individual differences in performance when solving spatial tasks can be partly explained by differences in the strategies used. Two main difficulties arise when studying such strategies: the identification of the strategy itself and the stability of the strategy over time. In the present study strategies were separated into three categories: segmented (analytic), holistic-feedback dependent, and holistic-planned, according to the procedure described by Peña, Contreras, Shih, and Santacreu (2008) . A group of individuals were evaluated twice on a 1-year test-retest basis. During the 1-year interval between tests, the participants were not able to prepare for the specific test used in this study or similar ones. It was found that 60% of the individuals kept the same strategy throughout the tests. When strategy changes did occur, they were usually due to a better strategy. These results prove the robustness of using strategy-based procedures for studying individual differences in spatial tasks.

On the Stability of Evaluative Conditioning Effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 380-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Förderer ◽  
Christian Unkelbach
Keyword(s):  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to valence changes in neutral stimuli (CSs) through repeated pairing with liked or disliked stimuli (USs). The present study examined the stability of EC effects in the course of 1 week. We investigated how this stability depends on memory for US valence and US identity. We also investigated whether CSs evaluations occurring immediately after conditioning (i.e., evaluative consolidation) are necessary for stable EC effects. Participants showed stable EC effects on direct and indirect measures, independent of evaluations immediately after conditioning. EC effects depended on memory for US valence but not for US identity. And although memory decreased significantly over time, EC effects remained stable. These data suggest that evaluative consolidation is not necessary, and that conditioned preferences and attitudes might persist even when people do not remember the concrete source anymore.

Predicting Stock Market Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Thomas Plieger ◽  
Thomas Grünhage ◽  
Éilish Duke ◽  
Martin Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Market Simulation ◽  
Stock Market Performance ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

Abstract. Gender and personality traits influence risk proneness in the context of financial decisions. However, most studies on this topic have relied on either self-report data or on artificial measures of financial risk-taking behavior. Our study aimed to identify relevant trading behaviors and personal characteristics related to trading success. N = 108 Caucasians took part in a three-week stock market simulation paradigm, in which they traded shares of eight fictional companies that differed in issue price, volatility, and outcome. Participants also completed questionnaires measuring personality, risk-taking behavior, and life stress. Our model showed that being male and scoring high on self-directedness led to more risky financial behavior, which in turn positively predicted success in the stock market simulation. The total model explained 39% of the variance in trading success, indicating a role for other factors in influencing trading behavior. Future studies should try to enrich our model to get a more accurate impression of the associations between individual characteristics and financially successful behavior in context of stock trading.

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