scholarly journals Combining Regression and Factor Analysis for Use in Agricultural Economics Research

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
John T. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Chi Square Test

While ordinary least squares regression has become a standard statistical technique, there are problems frequently overlooked or ignored by researchers in applying this statistical method. Two basic assumptions of the OLS regression model—(1) that the explanatory variables are independent of each other and (2) that the explanatory variables are known, fixed numbers—do not hold for most economic data, particularly time series data. This has been a consternation for econometricians, if not for the general researcher, for many years.In the case of nonindependence of explanatory variables (multicollinearity), signs of the regression coefficients often are inconsistent with economic theory and with correlation coefficients calculated from the data. Also, variances of the estimated regression coefficients are inconsistent. In practice for prediction equations, multicollinearity can usually be sufficiently reduced by either dropping one or more multicollinear variables or by indexing them and using the index as a regressor, thus circumventing the assumption regarding independence of the explanatory variables. A chi-square test for multicollinearity is available, and can be used as a guide to alert a researcher to the problem.

scholarly journals Effect of a Publicly Accessible Disclosure System on Food Safety Inspection Scores in Retail and Food Service Establishments

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihee Choi ◽  
Robert L. Scharff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Public Health Department ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Least Squares Regression

ABSTRACT The increased frequency with which people are dining out coupled with an increase in the publicity of foodborne disease outbreaks has led the public to an increased awareness of food safety issues associated with food service establishments. To accommodate consumer needs, local health departments have increasingly publicized food establishments' health inspection scores. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of the color-coded inspection score disclosure system in place since 2006 in Columbus, OH, by controlling for several confounding factors. This study incorporated cross-sectional time series data from food safety inspections performed from the Columbus Public Health Department. An ordinary least squares regression was used to assess the effect of the new inspection regime. The introduction of the new color-coded food safety inspection disclosure system increased inspection scores for all types of establishments and for most types of inspections, although significant differences were found in the degree of improvement. Overall, scores increased significantly by 1.14 points (of 100 possible). An exception to the positive results was found for inspections in response to foodborne disease complaints. Scores for these inspections declined significantly by 10.2 points. These results should be useful for both food safety researchers and public health decision makers.

scholarly journals PROPERTY MARKET NATURE AND THE CHOICE OF PROPERTY PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES: THE NIGERIA EXPERIENCE

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Olaleye
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Portfolio Diversification ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Diversification Strategies ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Diversification Techniques

With a focus on the Nigerian property market, this paper considered and empirically analyzed how property market nature and the perception of market players of some qualitative factors have impacted on choice of property portfolio diversification strategies. Questionnaires, backed up with interviews, were administered on 28 institutional property investors and 159 real estate practitioners in three commercial nerve centres of Nigeria, namely, Lagos, Abuja and Port‐Harcourt metropolitan areas. The frequency distribution analyses’ results revealed that the Nigerian property market was an emerging one and, as it is expected, there was dearth of time series data while investors in the market were small time institutional investors. Using mean rating on a 4‐point rating scale, the study found six factors, arising from the nature of the property market, as the significant factors impacting on choice of diversification strategies. These are: the investors’ overall expectation of the benefits of diversification scheme, the need to reduce management operating costs, management convenience, operating environment, market players’ education and knowledge of alternative diversification techniques and availability or otherwise of data in the market. The result of cross tabulation and Chi‐square test also indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between educational qualifications of practitioners and their choice of diversification strategies. Santrauka Daugiausia dėmesio skiriant Nigerijos nuosavybės rinkai, šiame darbe apžvelgta ir empiriškai išanalizuota įtaka, kurią, renkantis nuosavybės portfelio diversifikacijos strategijas, daro nuosavybės rinkos prigimtis ir tai, kaip kai kurie rinkos dalyviai suvokia tam tikrus kokybinius veiksnius. Pasitelkus anketas ir pokalbius, apklaustos 28 į nuosavybę investuojančios organizacijos ir 159 nekilnojamojo turto specialistai trijuose pagrindiniuose Nigerijos komerciniuose centruose, t. y. Lagose, Abudžoje ir Port-Harkorte. Dažnių lentelių analizės rezultatai parodė, kad Nigerijos nuosavybės rinka yra kylanti ir, kaip tikimasi, trūko laiko eilučių duomenų, nes rinkoje veikiantys investuotojai buvo smulkūs instituciniai investuotojai. Apskaičiavus vertinimų vidurkį pagal keturių balų skalę, tyrimo metu nustatyti šeši veiksniai, susiję su nuosavybės rinkos prigimtimi, kurie daro reikšmingą įtaką renkantis diversifikacijos strategijas. Jie yra tokie: bendrieji investuotojų lūkesčiai dėl iš diversifikacijos schemos gaunamos naudos, poreikis mažinti operatyvines vadybos išlaidas, valdymo patogumas, operatyvinė aplinka, rinkos veikėjų išsilavinimas ir žinios apie alternatyvius diversifikacijos metodus bei prieinamos arba kitaip pasiekiamos žinios rinkoje. Be to, kryžminių lentelių ir Chi kvadrato kriterijaus rezultatai parodė, kad tarp specialistų išsilavinimo (kvalifikacijos) ir jų pasirinktų diversifikacijos strategijų yra statistiškai reikšmingas ryšys.

The Incidence of the Payroll Tax in the United States

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane H. Leuthold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Payroll Tax ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Hours Of Work

This study uses quarterly U.S. time-series data to measure the extent to which the payroll tax is shifted onto labor in the United States. A nonlinear labor demand model relating hours of work to a tax variable and other explanatory variables is estimated using ordinary least squares. The main conclusion of the study is that labor in the United States does not bear the primary burden of the payroll tax.

Macro-Economic Disequilibrium and Educational Development in Nigeria between 1980-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (08) ◽  
pp. 20592-21600
Author(s):  
Gbadebo Salako ◽  
Adejumo Musibau Ojo ◽  
Jaji Ayobami Francis
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Educational Development ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Stationarity Test ◽  
Level I

This study empirically investigates the effects of macroeconomic disequilibrium on educational development in Nigeria. The study employed time series data between 1980 and 2017. Autoregressive Distributed Lag method of estimation was employed. The result revealed that the variables stationarity test were mixed between the first difference I(I) and level I(0). The cointegration result shows that there exist long run relationship between the variables. The result revealed that Balance of payment, Poverty, Debt rate inflation and unemployment exhibited negative relationship with educational development. The estimation result showed that all explanatory variables account for 88% variation of educational development in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that government should fast track policies that can stabilize inflation and exchange rate in the country. Also, Policies must be formulated to reduce poverty and unemployment.

scholarly journals Panel Econometric Analysis on Mobile Payment Transactions and Traditional Banks Effort toward Financial Accessibility in Sub-Sahara Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cephas Paa Kwasi Coffie ◽  
Hongjiang Zhao ◽  
Isaac Adjei Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Mobile Payment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mobile Payments ◽  
Long Run

The financial landscape of sub-Sahara Africa is undergoing major changes due to the advent of FinTech, which has seen mobile payments boom in the region. This paper examines the salient role of mobile payments in traditional banks’ drive toward financial accessibility in sub-Sahara Africa by using panel econometric approaches that consider the issues of independencies among cross-sectional residuals. Using data from the World Development Index (WDI) 2011–2017 on 11 countries in the region, empirical results from cross-sectional dependence (CD) tests, panel unit root test, panel cointegration test, and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approach indicates that (i) the panel time series data are cross-sectionally independent, (ii) the variables have the same order of integration and are cointegrated, and (iii) growth in mobile payment transactions had a significant positive relationship with formal account ownership, the number of ATMs, and number of new bank branches in the long-run. The paper therefore confirms that the institutional structure of traditional banks that makes them competitive, irrespective of emerging disruptive technologies, has stimulated overall financial accessibility in the region leading to overall sustainable growth in the financial sector. We conclude the paper with feasible policy suggestions.

From Measures of Association to Multilevel Models: Sociology Journals and the Quantitative Literacy Gap

2020 ◽  
pp. 0092055X2098042
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Linneman
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Quantitative Literacy ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Literacy Gap ◽  
Statistics Course ◽  
Sociology Journals

While most sociology majors must take a statistics course, the content of this course varies widely across departments. Starting from the assumption that sociology students should be able to engage effectively with the sociological literature, this article examines the statistical techniques used in 2,804 journal articles—from four generalist sociology journals from 1990 to 2019 and 11 additional sociology journals from 2019—in order to assess which techniques have risen or fallen in prevalence. Although stalwarts such as ordinary least squares regression, chi-square tests, and t tests maintain strong presences, the rise of logistic regression, interaction effects, and multilevel models has been dramatic. After assessing the proportion of articles students hypothetically could understand given various levels of statistical training, the article ends with suggestions for how to revamp the statistics course to help our students become more numerate citizens, both in their sociology courses and in the world at large.

scholarly journals Retrospectives: The Introduction of the Cobb–Douglas Regression

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Empirical Measures ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Economic Association ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theory Of Production

At the 1927 meetings of the American Economic Association, Paul Douglas presented a paper entitled “A Theory of Production,” which he had coauthored with Charles Cobb. The paper proposed the now familiar Cobb–Douglas function as a mathematical representation of the relationship between capital, labor, and output. The paper's innovation, however, was not the function itself, which had originally been proposed by Knut Wicksell, but the use of the function as the basis of a statistical procedure for estimating the relationship between inputs and output. The paper's least squares regression of the log of the output-to-capital ratio in manufacturing on the log of the labor-to-capital ratio—the first Cobb–Douglas regression—was a realization of Douglas's innovative vision that a stable relationship between empirical measures of inputs and outputs could be discovered through statistical analysis, and that this stable relationship could cast light on important questions of economic theory and policy. This essay provides an account of the introduction of the Cobb–Douglas regression: its roots in Douglas's own work and in trends in economics in the 1920s, its initial application to time series data in the 1927 paper and Douglas's 1934 book The Theory of Wages, and the early reactions of economists to this new empirical tool.

Determining the Role of Customer Satisfaction in Gaining Customer Loyalty among Cafés

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Allen Joshua P. Cuñado ◽  
Cathlyn Mae Painagan ◽  
Jeshnin Ann L. Cuñado ◽  
Ella Marie D. Palmada ◽  
Zenar Jane A. Mumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

Café as an establishment primarily sells refreshing drinks, snacks, and light meals, with coffee being their flagship product. This type of business is steadily multiplying around the city of Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines. Customers have linked to business success as well as customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study was implemented to analyze the role of customers’ satisfaction in gaining customers’ loyalty, specifically among purposively selected cafés. The quantitative method of research approach was used with the aid of questionnaires. The data gathered were statistically treated making use of frequency, composite means, weighted mean, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The respondents included 210 customers from the purposively selected cafés. Results showed respondents to be very satisfied (VS) for the Product; for the price; for the place; for the service quality; and moderately satisfied (MS) for promotion. Results further showed that there is a significant degree of relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.

scholarly journals Improving estimations in quantile regression model with autoregressive errors

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahadır Yuzbasi ◽  
Yasin Asar ◽  
Samil Sik ◽  
Ahmet Demiralp
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
White Noise Process ◽  
Respiratory Mortality ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Regression Approach

An important issue is that the respiratory mortality may be a result of air pollution which can be measured by the following variables: temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, ozone, and particulates. The usual way is to fit a model using the ordinary least squares regression, which has some assumptions, also known as Gauss-Markov assumptions, on the error term showing white noise process of the regression model. However, in many applications, especially for this example, these assumptions are not satisfied. Therefore, in this study, a quantile regression approach is used to model the respiratory mortality using the mentioned explanatory variables. Moreover, improved estimation techniques such as preliminary testing and shrinkage strategies are also obtained when the errors are autoregressive. A Monte Carlo simulation experiment, including the quantile penalty estimators such as lasso, ridge, and elastic net, is designed to evaluate the performances of the proposed techniques. Finally, the theoretical risks of the listed estimators are given.

scholarly journals How cann soccer improve statistical learning?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Enivaldo C. Rocha ◽  
Dalson Britto Figueiredo Filho ◽  
Ranulfo Paranhos ◽  
José Alexandre Silva Jr. ◽  
Denisson Silva
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Implementation Cost ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Classical Hypothesis

This paper presents an active classroom exercise focusing on the interpretation of ordinary least squares regression coefficients. Methodologically, undergraduate students analyze Brazilian soccer data, formulate and test classical hypothesis regarding home team advantage. Technically, our framework is simply adapted for others sports and has no implementation cost. In addition, the exercise is easily conducted by the instructor and highly enjoyable for the students. The intuitive approach also facilitates the understanding of linear regression practical application.

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