A Note on Portuguese Reactions to the Revival of the Red Sea Spice Trade and the Rise of Atjeh, 1540–1600

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Boxer
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Spice Trade ◽  
Straits Of Malacca

No reputable historian nowadays maintains that the Portuguese 16th- century thalassocracy in the Indian Ocean was always and everywhere completely effective. In particular, it is widely accepted that there was a marked if erratic revival in the Red Sea spice-trade shortly after the first Turkish occupation of Aden in 1538, though much work remains to be done on the causes and effects of this development. The Portuguese reactions to the rise of Atjeh have been studied chiefly in connection with the frequent fighting in the Straits of Malacca; and the economic side of the struggle has been less considered. The connection of Atjeh with the revival of the Red Sea spice-trade has been insufficiently stressed; though Mrs. Meilink-Roelofsz and Dr. V. Magalhaes Godinho have some relevant observations on this point in their recent and well documented works (Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago, 1500–1630, The Hague, 1962, pp. 142–46; Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial, Vol. II, Lisboa, 1967, pp. 111–171). The purpose of this paper is to amplify the facts and figures which they give there, in the hope that someone with the necessary linguistic qualifications will be incited to make complementary researches in the relevant Indonesian, Arabian, or Turkish sources.

Origins of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
James F. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Royal Road ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Spice Trade ◽  
International Trade Network

Abstract This chapter highlights the ocean transport and trade routes that facilitated the spice trade in the Indian ocean. This chapter consists of twelve subchapters which are Central Role of Rivers, Persian Gulf Routes, The Red Sea and Beyond, Early Indonesian Seafarers, Royal Road of the First Persian Empire, Persian and Greek Explorations, Arab Stranglehold on Egyptian Trade, War Elephants and Red Sea Travel, the way to India, The Roman Sea, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, and lastly, Rome's Breathtaking International Trade Network.

The Ottoman Administration of the Spice Trade in the Sixteenth-century Red Sea and Persian Gulf

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Casale
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Formidable Challenge ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Spice Trade ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFollowing the Ottoman conquest of Egypt and the Levant in 1516-17, administrators of the empire began to experiment with several innovative strategies to increase the total volume of the spice trade between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, and to maximize the state's share of its revenues. These became progressively more sophisticated over time, until by the end of the 1560s a comprehensive infrastructure was in place, including a rationalized empire-wide tax regime for regulating private trade, a network of "imperial factors" who bought spices for the sultan in overseas emporiums, and an annual convoy of spice galleys that shipped cargoes of state-owned pepper from the Yemen to the markets of Egypt and Istanbul. All of this, combined with natural advantages of geography and the goodwill of Muslim traders in the Indian Ocean, enabled the Ottomans to mount a formidable challenge to the "pepper monopoly" of the Portuguese Estado da India. À la suite de la conquête ottomane de l'Égypte et du Levant en 1516-17, les administrateurs de l'empire commencèrent à mettre en application diverses stratégies novatrices dans le but d'augmenter le volume total du commerce des épices entre l'océan Indien et la Méditerranée et de maximiser la part de l'État dans ses revenus. Ces stratégies se perfectionnèrent avec le temps et vers la fin des années 1560 une infrastructure complète était en place, incluant un régime fiscal repensé à l'échelle de l'empire afin de réglementer le commerce privé, un réseau de "facteurs impériaux" achetant des épices pour le compte du sultan dans les comptoirs d'outremer et un convoi annuel de galères transportant du Yémen aux marchés de l'Égypte et d'Istanbul des cargaisons de poivre appartenant à l'État. Grâce à tous ces éléments, de même qu'à leurs avantages géographiques naturels et à la disposition favorable des marchands musulmans dans l'océan Indien, les Ottomans purent présenter un défi de taille au "monopole sur le poivre" de l'Estado da India portugais.

scholarly journals INCREASE OF THE THERMOCLINE LAYER DUE TO TSUNAMI 2004 IN NANGRO ACEH DARUSSALAM WATERS

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadikusumah Hadikusumah ◽  
J. D. Lekalete
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Mixed Layer Depth ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Straits Of Malacca ◽  
Tsunami Energy

Research of physical oceanographic conditions post-tsunami was carried out and subsequently compared with the pre-tsunami 1998. Measurement of suhu, salinity and light transmission was conducted by CTDSBE911pls Model. Results showed that the flow in the Straits of Malacca flowed into the northwest and turned back into the Strait of Bengal and the next rotation into the flow of waters along the west coast of Nangro Aceh Darusalam (NAD). The mainstream off coast NAD in the Indian Ocean flowed to the northwest. Upper thermocline layer (17 m to 50 m) moved upward in 2005 and 2006 compared with previous data 1998 (90 m to 125 m). The moving upward thermocline in 2006 was allegedly due to the influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) positive. This requires further verification through long-term data collection to determine the monthly and annual variations, which will be compared with previous research. Light transmission (Tx) in 2005 from the surface to near the bottom (water column) was found lower than the year 1998 and 2006. This result was allegedly caused by resuspension from the seabed by energy turbulent produced by the tsunami. Heat content between 5 to 65 m depth in 2005 was higher than in 1998 and 2006. The higher heat content during the year of 2005 (post tsunami) was caused by friction due to the influence of tsunami energy, which predominantly found in the mixed layer depth. Type of water masses in the study area was a mixing between the local water mass, Malacca Strait Water (MSA), Bay of Bengal Water (BBW) under the influence of Arab Waters (AW), and the Indian Deep Water (IDW).Keywords: current, thermocline, heat content, watermass type, and Nangro Aceh Darusalam

Passage Through the Strait of Bab Al-Mandeb

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Ruth Lapidoth
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Gulf Of Aden ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
The West ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Yemen Arab Republic

The strait of Bab al-Mandeb, “the gate of tears” or “the gate of the wailing yard”, joins the high seas of the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean to those of the Red Sea. The name is primarily used by geographers to designate the narrowest part of the passage, between Ras Bab al-Mandeb on the Asian shore and Ras Siyan in Africa. At this point it is bordered on the east by the Yemen Arab Republic (Northern Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (Southern Yemen), and in the west by the Republic of Djibouti (formerly the French Territory of the Afars and Issas). About 14 miles farther north, where the Red Sea (or, for that matter, the strait) is nearly 20 miles wide, lies the coast of Ethiopia (the province of Eritrea). All the riparians claim a territorial sea of 12 miles, and the Yemen Arab Republic, as well as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, also claim jurisdiction for certain purposes in an additional zone of 6 miles.On the eastern shore of the strait of Bab al-Mandeb lies the peninsula of Ras Bab al-Mandeb, which is about 6–10 km. wide. It consists of rocky, volcanic plains with several hills of 200–300 m. The coast of Ras Bab al-Mandeb is surrounded by coral reefs of a width of up to 1500 m. The border between North Yemen and South Yemen passes down the middle of Ras Bab al-Mandeb.

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