MORAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND SOCIAL NORMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-236
Author(s):  
Chad Van Schoelandt
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Reactive Attitude ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Accountability ◽  
Norm Change ◽  
Moral Demands

Abstract:This essay argues that moral accountability depends upon having a shared system of social norms. In particular, it argues that the Strawsonian reactive attitude of resentment is only fitting when people can reasonably expect a mutual recognition of the justified demands to which they are being held. Though such recognition should not typically be expected of moral demands that are thought to be independent of any social practice, social norms can ground such mutual recognition. On this account, a significant part of a society’s social norms are also properly seen as moral norms. The essay defends this overlap of social and moral norms in contrast to views on which moral norms and social norms are sharply distinguished. Lastly, the essay concludes by addressing challenges for accountability in circumstances of norm change.

scholarly journals Moral labels increase cooperation and costly punishment in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game with punishment option

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mieth ◽  
Axel Buchner ◽  
Raoul Bell
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Moral Framing ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma Game

AbstractTo determine the role of moral norms in cooperation and punishment, we examined the effects of a moral-framing manipulation in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game with a costly punishment option. In each round of the game, participants decided whether to cooperate or to defect. The Prisoner’s Dilemma game was identical for all participants with the exception that the behavioral options were paired with moral labels (“I cooperate” and “I cheat”) in the moral-framing condition and with neutral labels (“A” and “B”) in the neutral-framing condition. After each round of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, participants had the opportunity to invest some of their money to punish their partners. In two experiments, moral framing increased moral and hypocritical punishment: participants were more likely to punish partners for defection when moral labels were used than when neutral labels were used. When the participants’ cooperation was enforced by their partners’ moral punishment, moral framing did not only increase moral and hypocritical punishment but also cooperation. The results suggest that moral framing activates a cooperative norm that specifically increases moral and hypocritical punishment. Furthermore, the experience of moral punishment by the partners may increase the importance of social norms for cooperation, which may explain why moral framing effects on cooperation were found only when participants were subject to moral punishment.

Gift-giving as an Epistemic Virtue

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-174
Author(s):  
Olga V. Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Epistemic Virtue ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Moral Virtues ◽  
Growth Of Knowledge

The article presents a study of gift-giving practices in the context of the development of modern biomedicine and shows their relationship to the realization of epistemic virtues. In biomedicine, the gain and production of knowledge (the gift of knowledge) is often grounded in bodily gift (sacrifice) and donor practices. The latter are associated with a number of mishaps in the history of biomedicine, reflecting the violation of moral norms in the process of obtaining scientific data and demonstrating the need for a clear differentiation of intellectual and moral virtues. An important factor in the formation of the epistemic norms of modern biomedicine has been the transformation of the values of scientific knowledge from practices of coercion to giving. As a result, the involuntary sacrifice of biomaterials to science was replaced by voluntary practices of somatic giving and informational exchange that determine the process of mutual recognition in science. It is shown that gift-giving in science is closely associated with intellectual virtues, with intellectual generosity characterizing the idea of openness in science and scientists’ intention for production and constant growth of knowledge, and can also be related to the idea of altruistic service to science, involving the exchange of received scientific data and access to free information in the network space. A number of examples of the modern digital gift ethos and the implementation of the principles of openness of knowledge and knowledge exchange in the context of the creation of biomedical expert digital platforms, the formation of social scientific networks – platforms with open access to scientific information, the development of the phenomenon of “garage” science and other “zones of exchange” experience are considered.

scholarly journals O pojęciu czynu moralnego

Etyka ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Jerzy Wróblewski
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Norms And Values

The author analysed the notion of moral act from the standpoint of materialist philosophy after having distinguished moral norms and values from other social norms and values, ethics from metaethics, and after having described the connection between moral norms and values.

scholarly journals Deviant Behavior of Youth in the Context of Psychology and Pedagogy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6725-6729
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Social Maladjustment ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Norms And Values

Introduction. The most important national mission of any state is the formation of sustainable and healthy society. Priority object of national interests is the youth, because the future of society and state depends on the habitual behavior, lifestyle, personal qualities of modern youth. Methods. According to political scientists and sociologists, the criterion defining the concept of “social norm” is its impact on social welfare. If this impact is destructive and represents a real threat to the physical and social survival of a person, it is considered the boundary that separates norm from deviation. Results. In social pedagogy, deviant behavior is defined as the type of abnormal behavior associated with the violation of social norms and rules of behavior characteristic of the relevant age, micro-social relations (family, school) and minor gender-age social groups. Deviant behavior should be considered within the medical norm and not identified with mental illnesses or pathological disorders. Most researchers consider the violation of social norms and norms of behavior as the main criterion for deviations and consider this phenomenon in term of “adaptation (socialization) – disadaptation (de-socialization)”. Discussion. Deviant behavior is a type of abnormal behavior of a mentally healthy person, leading to his/her social maladjustment as a result of steady violation of social and moral norms and values adopted in a given society. The study proved that deviations are characterized by various behavioral signs (abnormalities). Conclusion. Analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature allowed us to identify the following factors influencing formation and development of various deviant behavior forms: socio-economic, sociocultural, biological, psychological, pedagogical, subcultural.

scholarly journals Translation of Abbreviations in International Relations (IR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 117-133
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hosseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Translation Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Inherent Part

Abbreviation, as an old phenomenon in linguistics, is an inherent part of the technical texts and daily communications and as time goes on, making and using abbreviations is rapidly growing. The widespread usage of abbreviations has brought these linguistic formations into the field of translation. The present study aims to investigate differences in translation strategies of abbreviation when they appear in texts produced in different discourses and genres that need to be translated following social norms and conventions of the target language. To analyze abbreviations, their linguistic structures have been thoroughly discussed and they were analyzed according to the taxonomy proposed by Mattiello (2013). Fairclough`s (1995) model of CDA has been adopted to show that translation, as it deals with language, is a social practice and social conventions and norms govern the translation strategies of abbreviations adopted by translators. In this regard, a corpus of 300 abbreviations was circulated. 150 abbreviations were collected from 5 translated books from English to Persian in the field of IR and their translation strategies were compared to 150 abbreviations that were translated in news texts concerning the same genre. The result indicated that while abbreviations in Persian scientific books were mostly borrowed, abbreviations in Persian news texts were translated by descriptive strategy. This implies that translation practice is inconsistent with the social norms and conventions of the target language society and it is the genre and discourse of the text that determines how a text must be translated.   

Revision of Norms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Ullmann-Margalit
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Institutional Policy ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Norm Change

Social norms sometimes break down. In the process, they often shift from conclusive to presumptive—as when, for example, there is an across-the-board taboo against choosing abortion, which is revised to a taboo that can be overcome in specified cases (as, for example, when the mother’s health is at stake). Sometimes the presumption actually reverses, as in the case of smoking in public places. There is a distinction between “norm change (evolutionary, spontaneous) and norm revision (initiated), but the distinction is not dichotomous. Sometimes a gradual and ‘evolutionary’ process of change in societal attitudes and values eventually gets the official cachet on the level, mostly, of institutional policy revision.

Norms

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Elster
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Fairness Norms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Norms ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores the relationship between norms and action, making a distinction between social and moral norms, quasi-moral norms, legal norms, and conventions. It defines ‘social norm’ as a non-outcome-oriented injunction to act or to abstain from acting, sustained by the sanctions that others apply to norm violators. After explaining how social norms operate, the article considers some important or representative social norms, including work norms, tipping norms, queueing norms, fairness norms and political norms. It also compares social norms with other motivations to act and argues that social norms are ultimately sustained by the emotions of contempt (or indignation) and shame. Yet the influence of emotion on behavior is much larger than the impact mediated by social norms.

scholarly journals Norms that Make a Difference: Social Practices and Institutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Hindriks
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Normative Beliefs ◽  
Normative Expectations

Abstract Institutions are norm-governed social practices, or so I propose. But what does it mean for a norm to govern a social practice? Theories that analyze institutions as equilibria equate norms with sanctions and model them as costs. The idea is that the sanctions change preferences and thereby behavior. This view fails to capture the fact that people are often motivated by social norms as such, when they regard them as legitimate. I argue that, in order for a social norm to be perceived as legitimate, agents have to acknowledge reasons for conforming to it other than the sanctions they might incur for violating it. In light of this, I defend a theory of institutions that does not only invoke equilibria, but also normative rules that are supported by normative expectations and, in some cases, normative beliefs.

Bargaining power and the evolution of un-fair, non-mutualistic moral norms

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-93
Author(s):  
Francesco Guala
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Human History ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
General Account ◽  
Fairness Norms ◽  
Democratic Societies ◽  
Special Case

AbstractMutualistic theory explains convincingly the prevalence of fairness norms in small societies of foragers and in large contemporary democratic societies. However, it cannot explain the U-shaped curve of egalitarianism in human history. A theory based on bargaining power is able to provide a more general account and to explain mutualism as a special case. According to this approach, social norms may be more variable and malleable than Baumard et al. suggest.

Coming of Age in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manata Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
The Face ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Class Youth

The subject of intense media scrutiny, young men and women in the Islamic Republic of Iran have long been characterized as walking rebels—a frustrated, alienated generation devoid of hope and prone to oppositional practices. Coming of Age in Iran challenges these homogenizing depictions through vivid ethnographic portraits of a group of resilient lower-class youth in Iran: the face-savers. Through participant observation and interviews, the book reveals how conformism to moral norms becomes these young people’s ticket to social mobility. By developing a public face admired by those with the power and resources to transform their lives, face-savers both contest and reproduce systems of stratification within their communities. Examining the rules of the face game, Coming of Age in Iranshows how social practice is collectively judged, revealing the embedded moral ideologies that give shape to socioeconomic change in contexts all too often understood in terms of repression and resistance.

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