Strategic Weapons and Chinese Power: The Formative Years

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 541-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wilson Lewis ◽  
Xue Litai
Keyword(s):  
People's Liberation Army ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
People’S Liberation Army ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Formative Years

China entered the nuclear and space age as a result of a crusade that began almost as soon as the People's Liberation Army (PLA) had completed the conquest of the mainland. In this article we will comment on some aspects of the entire nuclear programme over the past 30 years as it has affected the strategic role of the PLA.1

scholarly journals Voting after Watching: The Strategic Role of Election Polls

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergiu Gherghina ◽  
Mihail Chiru
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Voting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Electoral Strategies ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Election Polls ◽  
Poll Data

The November 2009 Romanian presidential elections illustrate the process through which media exposure to exit polls during the election day allows strategic voting in the least expected situations (i.e. in the first round of a two-ballot setting). Organized in a two-round system in which the first two competitors qualify for the second round, these elections display one unsolved dilemma. The difference registered in elections between the two challengers is twice as large as the average support in the pre-election polls (a comparable difference was never registered in post-communist Romania). Our quantitative analysis uses election results from the past two decades and aggregated poll data from 2009 and reveals that a large share of the Romanian electorate avoids wasting votes and casts them for candidates with real winning chances. This article argues that polls presented to the voters, by the media during the elections, made the difference. They were used as electoral strategies to trigger strategic voting and thus promote specific candidates.

The Evolving Role of the Military in China’s COVID-19 Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Nan LI
Keyword(s):  
People's Liberation Army ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
People’S Liberation Army ◽  
Military Support ◽  
Civilian Leadership ◽  
The Military

The fear of political vulnerability stemming from an over-reliance on the military for containing COVID-19 led the civilian leadership to deploy the level and type of military support that were deliberately measured and technically specialised; the timings of this support were also carefully planned. The concern about COVID-19 causing significant infections among PLA (People’s Liberation Army) ranks that may hamper PLA response to the perceived external security challenges also proved to be premature.

scholarly journals The significance of techné in understanding the art and practice of electroacoustic composition

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER MANNING
Keyword(s):  
Electroacoustic Music ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Formative Years

The birth of electroacoustic music is associated with an era of creativity which is now firmly embedded in the past. As the years advance so the opportunities for evaluating the pioneering years of the medium become increasingly remote. Few can now claim first-hand experience of working with the technologies that shaped and influenced the evolution of the early repertory, and many commentators are content to see them consigned to the museum. Others are less sure, having become aware of a number of features that appear to have no parallels in the modern all-digital domain. This article is predicated on the proposition that the functional characteristics of the equipment available during the formative years materially influenced the ways in which composers developed their compositional aesthetic. By studying the characteristics of the resulting interactions, important clues emerge as to the true nature of this engagement. Central to this study is the nature of the techné involved in these processes of creativity, and the significance of this is evaluated in the context of establishing a case for further research in this area. Particular attention is paid to the role of the tape recorder in this context, in particular its influence on the development of spatialisation techniques.

scholarly journals Que font les communicants pour sauver leur métier ?

2017 ◽  
pp. 78-99
Author(s):  
Ivan Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Way

Les métiers de la fonction communication dans les organisations publiques françaises de sécurité sociale ont beaucoup évolué depuis deux décennies. Si dans les entreprises privées, la mise en place des services communication a été accompagnée par une prise de conscience du rôle et de la valeur des métiers de la fonction communication, dans les organisations publiques, les communicants sont toujours en train de chercher une reconnaissance et une légitimité de leur savoir- faire et de leurs compétences. Le manque de règlementation interne et externe et de cadres institutionnels de reconnaissance professionnelle oblige les communicants à chercher des voies pour préserver l’intégrité de leurs services qui est menacée par la réduction de leurs effectifs. Cette recherche s’intéresse à la façon dont les communicants publics tentent de garantir l’existence de leur métier, en projetant une image voulue et valorisée de soi. Dans cette quête de légitimité professionnelle, la métacommunication devient une des missions fondamentales des communicants dans la recherche de reconnaissance de la « typicité » de leur métier. The every-day activities of the communication practitioners in the French public organizations have evolved deeply for the past two decades. The establishment of the communication departments in the private companies was backed by the growing awareness of its primacy and the increasing strategic role of the communicator’s profession. In contrast, the communication practitioners in the public organizations are still on the quest for recognition of their legitimacy and know-how, because of the lack of internal and institutional regulations and rule-makings. This research aims to investigate the way in which the communication practitioners in the organizations of the public sector attempt to guarantee the existence of their profession through self-work everyday practices. In this struggle for professional legitimacy, the meta-communication becomes one of the fundamental missions of the communication departments in order to acquire recognition of their professional « typicity ».

KAJIAN POLITIK PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DALAM PENGELOLAAN PESANTREN

Edupedia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Maskuri Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Private Education ◽  
Political System ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
The State ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Politics In Education ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Education Model

The study of the dynamics of Islamic boarding school as one of Islamic education model in Indonesia has always attracted attention. Especially if combined with the politics in education. The synergy between the dynamics of Islamic boarding school and the politics growing going to be the center of attention of observers and practitioners of Islamic education. The strategic role of Islamic boarding school in the life of nation and state is not small, even decisive for the state. Therefore, the development of Islamic boarding school education is always in line with the changes that occur in the political system so created education system. Pro and contra of Islamic boarding school as part of or stand alone is no longer crowded like the past. There is nodichotomy in a private education (Islamic boarding school) and education organized by the state. Its existence becomes synergy in developing and advancing the state. That is the importance of combining the journey of dynamics of Islamic boarding school and politics growing.

China's Involvement in Africa's Security: The Case of China's Participation in the UN Mission to Stabilize Mali

2018 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 713-734
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Cabestan
Keyword(s):  
South Sudan ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Great Power ◽  
People's Liberation Army ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
The Past ◽  
People’S Liberation Army ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Naval Base

AbstractChina has been much more involved in Africa's economy and trade than in its security. However, over the past decade or so, China has increased its participation in the United Nation's Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs), particularly in Africa. It has also taken steps to better protect its overseas nationals and, in 2017, established a naval base in Djibouti. This article focuses on the participation of China's People's Liberation Army in the United Nation's Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) since 2013. It aims to unpack the diplomatic process that led China to take part in this mission and to analyse the form of this participation. Mali was the second time (the first being in South Sudan in 2012) that China opted to deploy combat troops under the UN banner, underscoring a deepening involvement in PKOs and an increasing readiness to face risks. Finally, this article explores the implications of China's participation in the MINUSMA for its foreign and security posture as a whole. Often perceived as a realist rising power, by more actively participating in UN PKOs China is trying to demonstrate that it is a responsible and “integrationist” great power, ready to play the game according to the commonly approved international norms. Is this really the case?

Modern Scientific Understanding of the Concept «Spiritual and Moral Education»: Theoretical Aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-159
Author(s):  
Svetana Viktorovna Veretennikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
Theoretical Aspect ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Pedagogical Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strategic Role

Problem and goal. “Spiritual and moral education” is a key category of a number of Federal regulations that have come into force over the past decade. However, this category is not always interpreted unambiguously by the scientific and pedagogical community. The purpose of the article: to consider how “spiritual and moral education” is understood in the modern scientific and pedagogical discourse. Research base and literature. The article provides a review of scientific works published in 2019 on the pedagogical category “spiritual and moral education”, which is a key one in the leading legal acts. The review was based on publications published on the neb portal eLIBRARY.RU. in the public domain, in which the category under study is included in the title of the work, annotation, and / or keywords. Statistics are provided that reflect the geography of the publications under consideration, the value bases of spiritual and moral education, and groups of authors. Research base and literature. This review focuses on publications of a theoretical nature, which made up ⅓ of all the considered works. All publications of a theoretical nature are conditionally divided into works of “spiritual” (meaning-seeking) and” moral» (behavioral) orientation; their distinctive features and value bases are considered. The article analyzes publications that present a retrospective analysis of spiritual and moral education. Conclusion. The essential characteristics of spiritual and moral education are revealed. The analysis showed that they are updated in only one-third of the reviewed publications; the remaining two-thirds are devoted to the external side of its organization. Although most authors assign a strategic role to spiritual and moral education not only in solving educational problems, but also in stabilizing society, this category is considered in isolation from the experience of the past and without a proper understanding of the role of the teacher.

scholarly journals Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Ading Priyotantoko ◽  
Armaidy Armawi ◽  
Bayu Dardias Kurniadi ◽  
Darto Wahidin
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Managerial Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Managerial Capabilities ◽  
Priority Policy

In the past, defense in warfare was carried out conventionally by using weapons. Now the defense system has shifted to modern types of warfare, either through culture, diplomacy, technology, and ideology. Kogabwilhan as a unit directly under the President’s command. The TNI’s Kogabwilhan is a representation of the concept of TNI's interoperability capability which is currently a priority policy for TNI Commanders. Kogabwilhan was established as an effort of the TNI to carry out the strengthening of resilience and deterrence against various potential threats, both from outside and within the country. The presence of the Kogabwilhan is a form of TNI's preparedness in handling the crisis. The development of defense areas is directed at maintaining the natural potential and social conditions that exist in the territory of Indonesia. Kogabwilhan is here to coordinate with various parties to maintain all aspects, both disaster mitigation, regional development, welfare, and regional defense. The government determined the domicile of MaKogabwilhan II in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan Province. The determination must have taken into account some aspects of the current command, control, strategy, and infrastructure. Thus, the formation of the Kogabwilhan has a strategic role in maintaining the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. The formation of the Kogabwilhan was carried out as one of the steps taken by the TNI to strengthen Its deterrence against various potential threats from outside and within the country. However, there are three things that have an impact on the resilience of the defense area as a result of the formation of Kogabwilhan II in Balikpapan. First, the military managerial role. The improvement of military managerial capabilities must be based on good planning, organization, implementation arrangements, and supervision, so that they can be controlled optimally. Second, the role of legal policy. Kogabwilhan must be able to enforce the law, both on land, sea, and air. Third, the role of diplomacy. The establishment of Kogabwilhan could reduce existing conflicts, so diplomacy skills are very important to have. Therefore, the development of defense and security in strategic areas is currently increasingly complex and escalating in various parts of the world.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

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