3. On the Nature of the Red Prominences observed during a Total Solar Eclipse.

1857 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
C. Piazzi Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon

The author remarked, that the various observers who had seen the eclipse of 1842, gave such generally similar testimony of the place and the size of the red prominences as satisfactorily established them to be some celestial phenomenon. Then as to the question, whether they belong to the sun or the moon, the observers themselves were unanimous in the former view, and the red points then became flaming masses of fire some 40,000 miles in height.

scholarly journals The solar eclipse and its relation with higree months

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahman H. S.
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
New Model ◽  
Earth Radius ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Equatorial Radius ◽  
Short Time

The solar eclipse occurs at short time before the crescent birth moment when the moon near any one of moon orbit nodes It is important to determine the synchronic month which is used to find Higree date. The 'rules' of eclipses are:  Y= ± 0.997  of Earth radius , the solar eclipse is central and 0.997 < |Y| < 1.026 the umbra cone touch the surface of the Earth, where Y is the least distance from the axis of the moon's shadow to the center of the Earth in units of the equatorial radius of the Earth. A new model have been designed, depend on the horizontal coordinates of the sun, moon, the distances Earth-Moon (rm), Earth-sun (rs) and |Y| to determine the date and times of total solar eclipse and the geographical coordinates of spot shadow as well as the shadow diameter and the variations with time. The results are compared with Almanac and others programs are gets a good agreements and the results show the area of eclipse shadow inversely proportional with rm /rs .The Higree month which must be begin after  the solar eclipse and the relation were discussed hear.

scholarly journals A Fix by Total Solar Eclipse

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-404
Author(s):  
D. H. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Circular Cone ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Total Eclipse ◽  
The Earth

A total eclipse of the Sun provides an opportunity, rare though it may be, of obtaining an instantaneous fix from the Sun alone. Eclipses vary greatly in character, in position on the Earth, in the width of the path of totality, in the duration, and also in the direction of the path. However, the shadow of the Moon cast by the Sun is always a right circular cone which, in the case of a total eclipse, intersects the Earth's surface at some point before its vertex. Owing to the motion of the Moon in its orbit round the Earth the shadow moves at a speed of about 2000 m.p.h. from west to east (it varies considerably according to the distance of the Moon from the Earth).

scholarly journals The Astronomical Event of the Decade: Library Opportunities with the Coming Total Eclipse of the Sun

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Andrew Fraknoi ◽  
Dennis Schatz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Total Eclipse

On August 21, 2017, we will be treated to the first total eclipse of the sun visible in the continental United States in almost forty years. Because the total eclipse can only be seen in the United States, it is being called the “All American Total Solar Eclipse.” In this kind of eclipse, the Moon gets in front of the sun in the sky and blocks its light.

A Fix by Total Solar Eclipse

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-299
Author(s):  
D. H. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Total Eclipse ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Total Phase ◽  
February Issue

In anticipation of the TOTAL Solar Eclipse on 11 August 1999 (see the January/February issue of Navigation News), it seemed very appropriate to repeat this short article by one of the Institute's most respected Fellows. It was first published in Vol. VII, October 1954.A TOTAL eclipse of the Sun provides an opportunity, rare though it may be, of obtaining an instantaneous fix from the Sun alone. Eclipses vary greatly in character, in position on the Earth, in the width of the path of totality, in the duration, and also in the direction of the path. However, the shadow of the Moon cast by the Sun is always a right circular cone which, in the case of a total eclipse, intersects the Earth's surface at some point before its vertex. Owing to the motion of the Moon in its orbit round the Earth, the shadow moves at a speed of about 2000 m.p.h. from west to east (it varies considerably according to the distance of the Moon from the Earth). The intersection of this cone with the Earth's surface is an ellipse, which moves over the surface at speeds which are very high when the cone is nearly tangential (i.e. when the Sun's altitude is low) and at speeds as low as about 1000 m.p.h., when the eclipse is central over the equator at noon and the Earth's rotation has its maximum effect. The speed of the shadow is generally low enough to give a position line of considerable accuracy from the observed time of either second or third contacts, that is the beginning or ending of the total phase. An error of 1 second corresponds, in the most favourable case, to about one-third of a mile. The position line is, of course, the portion of the elliptic shadow corresponding to the observed phase and time; these can be precomputed.

Decapitated Lunar Goddesses in Aztec Art, Myth, and Ritual

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Milbrath
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Seasonal Transition ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Moon ◽  
The Demonic

AbstractAztec images of decapitated goddesses link the symbolism of astronomy with politics and the seasonal cycle. Rituals reenacting decapitation may refer to lunar events in the context of a solar calendar, providing evidence of a luni-solar calendar. Decapitation imagery also involves metaphors expressing the rivalry between the cults of the sun and the moon. Huitzilopochtli's decapitation of Coyolxauhqui can be interpreted as a symbol of political conquest linked to the triumph of the sun over the moon. Analysis of Coyolxauhqui's imagery and mythology indicates that she represents the full moon eclipsed by the sun. Details of the decapitation myth indicate specific links with seasonal transition and events taking place at dawn and at midnight. Other decapitated goddesses, often referred to as earth goddesses with “lunar connections,” belong to a complex of lunar deities representing the moon within the earth (the new moon). Cihuacoatl, a goddess of the new moon, takes on threatening quality when she assumes the form of a tzitzimime attacking the sun during a solar eclipse. The demonic new moon was greatly feared, for it could cause an eternal solar eclipse bringing the Aztec world to an end.

Helium

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
First Time

Today we learn at such a young age about the periodic properties of the elements and their atomic structure that it seems as if we grew up with the knowledge, and that everyone must always have known such basic, simple stuff. But till nearly the end of the nineteenth century no one even suspected that such things as the noble gases, with their filled electronic orbits, might exist. Helium was the first one we at Brookhaven looked for in our mass spectrometer, and the first one discovered. This was in 1868, but the discovery was ignored and the discoverer ridiculed. He didn’t care; he had other things on his mind. His name was Pierre Jules César Janssen, and he was a French astronomer who sailed to India that year in order to take advantage of a predicted solar eclipse. With the overwhelming brightness of the sun’s disk blocked by the moon, he hoped to observe the outer layers using the newly discovered technique of absorption spectroscopy. Nobody at the time understood why, but it had been observed that when a bright light shone through a gas, the chemical elements in the gas absorbed the light at specific wavelengths. The resulting dark lines in the emission spectrum of the light were like fingerprints, for it had been found in chemical laboratories that when an element was heated it emitted light at the same wavelengths it would absorb when light from an outside source was shined on it. So the way the technique worked, Janssen reasoned, was that he could measure the wavelengths of the solar absorbed lines and compare them with lines emitted in chemical laboratories where different elements were routinely studied, thus identifying the gases present in the sun. On August 18 of that year the moon moved properly into position, and Janssen’s spectroscope captured the dark absorption lines of the gases surrounding the sun. It was an exciting moment, as for the first time the old riddle could be answered: “Twinkle twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.” The answer now was clear: the sun, a typical star, was made overwhelmingly of hydrogen. But to Janssen’s surprise there was one additional and annoying line, with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers.

scholarly journals Public Information Project of the Total Solar Eclipse of November 3, 1994 in Paraná State, Brazil

1998 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
R.H. Trevisan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Science Classroom ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
The World ◽  
Information Project

This project had two principal objectives: to communicate safe methods to observe the Sun, so as to prevent ophthalmological accidents to people during the total solar eclipse of 3rd November 1994, and to collaborate with the primary school teachers in the science classroom, illustrating the classes, motivating the students to observe sky phenomena.In January 1993, a commission called “ECLIPSE 94“Executive Commission, of the Brazilian Astronomical Society was created to coordinate assistance with arrangements for observing the total solar eclipse of 3rd November 1994, that in Brazil was total in the western part of Paraná State, in Santa Catarina State and in a Rio Grande do Sul zone. Professional astronomers from Brazil and from several parts of the world were mobilized to observe this eclipse.

The Planets in Aztec Culture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Milbrath
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Creation Myths ◽  
Morning Star ◽  
Night Sky ◽  
Solar Rays

The Spanish chronicles do not mention planets other than Venus, although they compare certain Aztec gods with classical gods such as Jupiter and Mars. Creation myths recorded by the Spanish chroniclers frequently name Venus gods, most notably Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl and Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli. The focus on Venus seen in these texts is also mirrored in colonial period Aztec codices, which feature several Venus gods as rulers of calendar periods associated with the 260-day calendar. The famous Aztec Calendar Stone represents Venus symbols prominently in an image showing the predicted demise of the Sun in an eternal solar eclipse, to be accompanied by earthquakes. Venus is apparently seen as the cause of a total solar eclipse in the Codex Borgia, a pre-conquest codex from Tlaxcala, a community neighboring the Aztecs in central Mexico. Although no pre-conquest Aztec codices survive, the painted screenfold books attributed to neighboring communities in central Mexico provide evidence of the kinds of almanacs that were probably also found in Preconquest Aztec screenfold books. The Codex Borgia has two Venus almanacs associated with heliacal rise events and another focusing on dates that coordinate with events involving Venus and possibly other planets. A unique narrative in the Codex Borgia traces Venus over the course of a year, representing different aspects of the synodical cycle. The transformation of Venus in the narrative is evidenced by subtle changes in the Venus god, Quetzalcoatl, who represents the planet Venus throughout the synodical cycle. Another god, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (“lord of dawn”), appears in the narrative associated with Venus as the morning star and also is represented in a death aspect during superior conjunction. This is in keeping with Aztec legends that tell how the Sun killed Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli with his solar rays. The Borgia narrative also helps identify Xolotl as the planet Mercury and provides hints about other planets that may be linked with different aspects of Tezcatlipoca, an Aztec god who ruled the night sky.

Timing of the 1984 total solar eclipse and the size of the sun

Solar Physics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay M. Pasachoff ◽  
Brant O. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
The Sun

scholarly journals Total eclipse of the Sun, 1905, August 30. Preliminary account of the observations made at Sfax, Tunisia

1906 ◽  
Vol 77 (514) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Total Eclipse ◽  
The North ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
Preliminary Account

An expedition to observe the total solar eclipse of August 30 having been sanctioned by the Admiralty, it was arranged, in concert with the Joint Permanent Eclipse Committee, that a party from the Royal Observatory should make observations at Sfax, a town on the north coast of Africa, about 150 miles south of Tunis. The programme of observations consisted of photographs of the corona on various scales for coronal detail and streamers, and photographs of the spectrum of the corona and chromosphere. The observers from Greenwich who took part in the expedition were Sir William Christie, Mr. Dyson, and Mr. Davidson. Professor Sampson, Mr. J. J. Atkinson, and Captain Brett, D. S. O., generously volunteered their assistance and shared the work of erecting and adjusting the instruments as well as of the observations on the day of the eclipse.

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