Clarifying the Rules of the Road

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 308-310
Author(s):  
Brett Hilder
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Channel ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Basic Rule ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Road ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
Primary Rule ◽  
The Right ◽  
True Direction

The primary Rule of the Road at Sea is to keep to the right in practically all cases. The single exception which comes to mind in regard to fully manœuvrable vessels under power is overtaking in a narrow channel, when the overtaking vessel should keep to port and take the risk of meeting any on-coming traffic, like the working rule on the roads ashore. The alternate use of true direction as a frame of reference at sea, suggested by Lieutenant-Commander N. L. Fendig, U.S.C.G. in this Journal (October 1958) would lead us from simplicity into confusion. The same confusion would apply ashore if the roads were marked with compass courses, and vehicles were to give way to eastern traffic, which would sometimes be on the right, and sometimes on the left hand.The notes by Commander Clissold, R.N.R., under the above heading in the same Journal, are both sensible and workable, but hardly stimulating in nature, as they deal with tedious detail like the rules themselves, without calling for a new outlook. I find the basic Rule of the Road beautifully clear compared with the pages of exceptions and details, most of which show no correlation with each other, or to the basic rules. While I believe that the present rules are the best possible for fully manœuvrable powered vessels, those concerning vessels of limited movement are complicated with confused detail lacking a clear cut system based on relative manœuvrability.

Two Cippi near Rieti

1960 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
C. C. Van Essen
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
West Side ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Road ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right

Shortly before reaching Rieti, coming from Rome, on the left (west) side of the Via Salaria, between km. 83.9 and 84, can be seen two round-topped cippi of ordinary tufo bearing nothing but an inscription, identical in both cases and datable by the form of the lettering to c. 50 B.C. (pl. III). The text runs:C. GAVIVS. C. F. Q.CARPVSThe left-hand cippus, more or less battered, has lost the initial C; the right-hand one, on which the inscribed zone is covered with white paint (not plaster) has a scar before CARPVS, which might suggest that something has been lost (e.g. [eu] CARPVS); but this is excluded by its companion, which is well preserved at this particular point.I think that the two cippi were erected in order to delimitate a funerary area, which might be buried behind them; the slope of the mountain is here rather steep and consists of friable stone.The inscription is, to the best of my knowledge, unpublished. It is not to be found in CIL IX, nor is the person mentioned in P.-W., s.v. Gavius. Ashby's paper in PBSR, iii, p. 7 ff. stops shortly before the bivio di Poggio San Lorenzo (km. 61.9), and it is not recorded either by Persichetti (Röm. Mitt., xxiv, 1909, pp. 215–216) or by Martinori (Via Salaria, 1931, p. 83). It is probable that the pieces, although they do not appear in the indexes of the Fasti Archaeologici, were uncovered during some recent work for enlarging the road.

Failure to Sing the Left-Hand Part of the Score during Piano Performance: Loss of the Pitch and Stroop Vocalizations

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Guiard
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Hand Part ◽  
Continuous Regime ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Right

An experiment compared the ability of classical pianists to sing, during keyboard performance, the right- and the left-hand part of the score being played. Upon instructions requiring them to "sing" one or the other voice of the score, the subjects spontaneously chose to sing and name the notes simultaneously, in keeping with the French traditional way of reading music, thus producing a two- dimensional tonal and verbal vocal act in response to each visual stimulus. Singing the right-hand part of the music, whether in unison with or in place of the right hand, while concurrently playing the left-hand part was judged easy by all subjects, and performance, typically, was correct in all respects. The other task, consisting of singing the left-hand part of the music, was judged more difficult by all subjects, and performance, more often than not, was poor. Careful inspection of the many errors that were recorded in the latter task revealed a few clear-cut regularities. Failures were vocal, but not manual. More specifically, vocal failures took place on the tonal dimension of the vocal response, but not on its verbal dimension: The song, but not the naming of the notes, was prone to fail, with either a loss of the pitch, or a systematic trend toward singing unduly—albeit accurately—the notes of the right-hand part. A number of subjects were found to display this intriguing tonal/verbal dissociation—naming a note at a pitch corresponding to another note—in a continuous regime. It is emphasized that this phenomenon amounts to the spontaneous production of musical events that belong to the Stroop category.

Right- and Left-hand Dominance in Navigation

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369
Author(s):  
L. F. E. Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Left Hand ◽  
The Road ◽  
Fine Control ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
The Right ◽  
Evolutionary Paths ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rule Making ◽  
And Training ◽  
Dominant Side

This is a survey of a subject for which there are few positive conclusions on the reasons for existing controls and control practices. The position of the operator of a vehicle or craft, the preferred side for the control or conning position and the ‘rules-of-the-road’ for land and water transport and also air transport seemed to have evolved through innate and conditioned human preferences such as ‘handedness’, through customs and traditions and, possibly to a lesser extent, by arbitrary rule making. In general, man is outwardly laterally symmetrical but has a dominant side and a preferred-hand. Within the majority of ethnic groups right-hand preferring people make up 90 per cent of a population. However, despite innate preferences about which there is inconclusive evidence and the influences of a ‘right-handed’ world imposed upon the maturing child, man can acquire through learning and training a sufficient degree of ambidexterity to operate effectively the controls of complex man/machine interfaces. As long as tools, vehicles and all other artifacts remained essentially simple to use or operate they could be controlled, governed or steered by either hand or by one hand—usually the preferred—or by both hands. However, the preferred hand with any of these combinations would ‘lead’ and would provide precision or ‘fine’ control. The introduction of writing and similar tasks requiring coordination of mind, hand and eye has always reinforced the ‘right-handed’ world. For convenience this survey is divided into three major evolutionary paths: sword, steering oar and left-hand circuit.

scholarly journals Tactile-Visual Links in Exogenous Spatial Attention under Different Postures: Convergent Evidence from Psychophysics and ERPs

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffan Kennett ◽  
Martin Eimer ◽  
Charles Spence ◽  
Jon Driver
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
The Right

Tactile-visual links in spatial attention were examined by presenting spatially nonpredictive tactile cues to the left or right hand, shortly prior to visual targets in the left or right hemifield. To examine the spatial coordinates of any cross-modal links, different postures were examined. The hands were either uncrossed, or crossed so that the left hand lay in the right visual field and vice versa. Visual judgments were better on the side where the stimulated hand lay, though this effect was somewhat smaller with longer intervals between cue and target, and with crossed hands. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) showed a similar pattern. Larger amplitude occipital N1 components were obtained for visual events on the same side as the preceding tactile cue, at ipsilateral electrode sites. Negativities in the Nd2 interval at midline and lateral central sites, and in the Nd1 interval at electrode Pz, were also enhanced for the cued side. As in the psychophysical results, ERP cueing effects during the crossed posture were determined by the side of space in which the stimulated hand lay, not by the anatomical side of the initial hemispheric projection for the tactile cue. These results demonstrate that crossmodal links in spatial attention can influence sensory brain responses as early as the N1, and that these links operate in a spatial frame-of-reference that can remap between the modalities across changes in posture.

Effects of Head Orientation on the Variations in the Discrimination of Shading Orientation

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 278-278
Author(s):  
T R Moshonkina
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Illumination Direction ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
The Right ◽  
True Direction

We have previously shown that errors in judging the direction from which a smooth surface is illuminated (ie shading orientation) are not random (Moshonkina et al, 1993 Perception22 Supplement, 100), but vary with this direction in a regular manner. In the experiments described here we investigate whether the same regularities occur when the head is tilted—specifically, whether the gravitational or the head frame of reference is predominantly used in estimation of shading orientation. Stimuli were computer images of spheres (23 deg diameter) presented briefly (for 100 ms, excluding effects of eye movements). The spheres were apparently illuminated from one of 24 directions spaced at equal (15°) intervals around the sphere in the plane of the display. One of these was randomly chosen for each trial. The task was to define the direction of the apparent illumination on a clock scale with half-hour accuracy. The subject's head was either upright or tilted to the left by 30°. Viewing was left monocular. The errors in the estimation of illumination direction showed the same systematic dependence on ‘true’ direction regardless of head orientation. These regularities can be described as follows. (1) Estimates were most accurate when the shading gradient was along the horizontal axis (ie with the illuminated pole of the sphere on the right or the left), with greater errors when the gradient was along the oblique axis or vertical. (2) With oblique shading, the estimates showed a systematic tendency to bring the illumination direction closer to the horizontal axis than in ‘reality’. (3) The largest errors occurred when the illuminated pole was oriented downwards. This suggests that the gravitational frame is important in the discrimination of shading orientation. A significant effect of head orientation was observed when the illuminated pole was oriented downwards. The most probable estimation error was −30° with head upright but −60° with head tilted. This difference is opposite to that expected from application of the head frame of reference.

Editorial Note

1946 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-2
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Note ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Hand Column ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Infant Speech ◽  
The Right

In the article “Infant Speech Sounds and Intelligence” by Orvis C. Irwin and Han Piao Chen, in the December 1945 issue of the Journal, the paragraph which begins at the bottom of the left hand column on page 295 should have been placed immediately below the first paragraph at the top of the right hand column on page 296. To the authors we express our sincere apologies.

Is the Future the Right Time?

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ouellet ◽  
Julio Santiago ◽  
Ziv Israeli ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Task ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Mental Time Line ◽  
The Right

Spanish and English speakers tend to conceptualize time as running from left to right along a mental line. Previous research suggests that this representational strategy arises from the participants’ exposure to a left-to-right writing system. However, direct evidence supporting this assertion suffers from several limitations and relies only on the visual modality. This study subjected to a direct test the reading hypothesis using an auditory task. Participants from two groups (Spanish and Hebrew) differing in the directionality of their orthographic system had to discriminate temporal reference (past or future) of verbs and adverbs (referring to either past or future) auditorily presented to either the left or right ear by pressing a left or a right key. Spanish participants were faster responding to past words with the left hand and to future words with the right hand, whereas Hebrew participants showed the opposite pattern. Our results demonstrate that the left-right mapping of time is not restricted to the visual modality and that the direction of reading accounts for the preferred directionality of the mental time line. These results are discussed in the context of a possible mechanism underlying the effects of reading direction on highly abstract conceptual representations.

Patent Foramen Ovale, the Role of Antiplatelet Therapy Alone or Anticoagulant Therapy Alone Versus Device Closure for Cryptogenic Stroke: A Review of the Literature and Current Recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Harsha S. Nagarajarao ◽  
Chandra P. Ojha ◽  
Archana Kedar ◽  
Debabrata Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Patent Foramen Ovale ◽  
Cryptogenic Stroke ◽  
Narrow Channel ◽  
Paradoxical Embolism ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Current Guidelines

: Cryptogenic stroke and its relation to the Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a long-debated topic. Recent clinical trials have unequivocally established the relationship between cryptogenic strokes and paradoxical embolism across the PFO. This slit-like communication exists in everyone before birth, but most often closes shortly after birth. PFO may persist as a narrow channel of communication between the right and left atria in approximately 25-27% of adults. : In this review, we examine the clinical relevance of the PFO with analysis of the latest trials evaluating catheter-based closure of PFO’s for cryptogenic stroke. We also review the current evidence examining the use of antiplatelet medications versus anticoagulants for stroke prevention in those patients with PFO who do not qualify for closure per current guidelines.

scholarly journals Hand Preference and Performance in Basketball Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Gualdi-Russo ◽  
Natascia Rinaldo ◽  
Alba Pasini ◽  
Luciana Zaccagni
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Right

The aims of this study were to develop and validate an instrument to quantitatively assess the handedness of basketballers in basketball tasks (Basketball Handedness Inventory, BaHI) and to compare it with their handedness in daily activities by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI). The participants were 111 basketballers and 40 controls. All subjects completed the EHI and only basketballers filled in the BaHI. To validate the BaHI, a voluntary subsample of basketballers repeated the BaHI. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a two-factor model. Our results show that: (i) Handedness score (R) in daily actions did not differ between basketball players (R by EHI = 69.3 ± 44.6) and the control group (R by EHI = 64.5 ± 58.6); (ii) basketballers more frequently favored performing certain sport tasks with the left hand or mixed hands (as highlighted by R by BaHI = 50.1 ± 47.1), although their choice was primarily the right hand in everyday gestures; and (iii) this preference was especially true for athletes at the highest levels of performance (R by BaHI of A1 league = 38.6 ± 58.3) and for those playing in selected roles (point guard’s R = 29.4 ± 67.4). Our findings suggest that professional training induces handedness changes in basketball tasks. The BaHI provides a valid and reliable measure of the skilled hand in basketball. This will allow coaches to assess mastery of the ball according to the hand used by the athlete in the different tasks and roles.

scholarly journals Digit Variability in Carotenoid Scores Obtained with the Veggie Meter: A Pilot Study (P02-001-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Velarie Ansu ◽  
Stephanie Dickinson ◽  
Alyce Fly
Keyword(s):  
Indiana University ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Period Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract Objectives To determine which digit and hand have the highest and lowest skin carotenoid scores, to compare inter-and-intra-hand variability of digits, and to determine if results are consistent with another subject. Methods Two subjects’ first(F1), second(F2), third(F3) and fifth(F5) digits on both hands were measured for skin carotenoids with a Veggie Meter, for 3 times on each of 18 days over a 37-day period. Data were subjected to ANOVA in a factorial treatment design to determine main effects for hand (2 levels), digits (4), and days (18) along with interactions. Differences between digits were determined by Tukey's post hoc test. Results There were significant hand x digit, hand x day, digit x day, and hand x digit x day interactions and significant simple main effects for hand, digit, and day (all P < 0.001). Mean square errors were 143.67 and 195.62 for subject A and B, respectively, which were smaller than mean squares for all main effects and interactions. The mean scores ± SD for F1, F2, F3, and F5 digits for the right vs left hands for subject A were F1:357.13 ± 45.97 vs 363.74 ± 46.94, F2:403.17 ± 44.77 vs. 353.20 ± 44.13, F3:406.76 ± 43.10 vs. 357.11 ± 45.13, and F5:374.95 ± 53.00 vs. 377.90 ± 47.38. For subject B, the mean scores ± SD for digits for the right vs left hands were F1:294.72 ± 61.63 vs 280.71 ± 52.48, F2:285.85 ± 66.92 vs 252.67 ± 67.56, F3:268.56 ± 57.03 vs 283.22 ± 45.87, and F5:288.18 ± 34.46 vs 307.54 ± 40.04. The digits on the right hand of both subjects had higher carotenoid scores than those on the left hands, even though subjects had different dominant hands. Subject A had higher skin carotenoid scores on the F3 and F2 digits for the right hand and F5 on the left hand. Subject B had higher skin carotenoid scores on F5 (right) and F1 (left) digits. Conclusions The variability due to hand, digit, and day were all greater than that of the 3 replicates within the digit-day for both volunteers. This indicates that data were not completely random across the readings when remeasuring the same finger. Different fingers displayed higher carotenoid scores for each volunteer. There is a need to conduct a larger study with more subjects and a range of skin tones to determine whether the reliability of measurements among digits of both hands is similar across the population. Funding Sources Indiana University.

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