scholarly journals Evaluation of Long-Distance Orientation in Birds on the Basis of Migration Routes Recorded by Radar and Satellite Tracking

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Alerstam

Predicted flight trajectories differ depending on which orientation cues are used by migrating birds. Results from radar and satellite tracking of migrating birds can be used to test which of the predicted trajectories shows the best fit with observed flight routes, supporting the use of the associated orientation mechanism. Radar studies of bird migration at the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage support the occurrence of migration along sun compass routes in these polar regions. In contrast, satellite tracking of Brent geese (Branta bernicla) migrating from Iceland across Greenland and from Northwest Europe to Siberia show routes that conform most closely with geographic loxodromes, but which are also profoundly influenced by large-scale topography. These evaluations are discussed in relation to the adaptive values of different routes in different parts of the world. Sun compass routes are favourable mainly for east-west migration at high latitudes. For east-west migration at mid and high latitudes magnetic loxodromes are more favourable than geographic loxodromes in certain regions while the reverse holds in other regions. The geometry of migration routes, as recorded by radar and satellite tracking, may be important for understanding the evolution of the complexity of birds' orientation systems, and for providing clues about the orientation mechanisms guiding the birds on their global journeys.

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Kelly ◽  
Richard L. Hutto

Abstract That western and eastern songbird migration routes are distinct ecological systems has been proposed for over 100 years. Nonetheless, this distinction has not been widely recognized nor have there been any comparative studies that quantitatively evaluate the differences and similarities between western and eastern songbird migration systems. We drew from previously published research on wood warblers to highlight patterns in stopover ecology that suggest fundamental differences between western and eastern migrants. In particular, we compared biogeography, evolutionary relationships, and stopover ecology of wood warblers from western and eastern North America and found: (1) multiple lines of evidence that indicate western wood warblers are geographically isolated from eastern conspecifics or congeners throughout the annual cycle, (2) eastern and western wood warbler taxa are distinct evolutionary units, (3) migrant wood warblers captured in the Southwest tended to carry lower fat loads and be comprised of more after-hatch-year birds than is typical of eastern migrants, (4) frugivory is unknown in wood warblers endemic to the Northwest or Southwest and (5) relative to other regions and seasons, riparian vegetation is heavily used by western wood warblers in the spring. We think that further examination and synthesis of these differences would yield a more mechanistic understanding of Nearctic-Neotropical avian migration. On this basis, we elaborate our view that (1) an improved understanding of western songbird migration ought to be a high priority for science, conservation, and education, and (2) large-scale coordinated research efforts would be the most effective strategy for advancing our knowledge of passerine migration in the West. Una Comparación Este-Oeste de la Migración de las Reinitas de Bosque (Parulidae) de Norte América Resumen. Por más de 100 años se ha propuesto que las rutas de migración de aves paseriformes del este y del oeste son sistemas ecológicos diferentes. Sin embargo, esta distinción no ha sido reconocida ampliamente, ni se han realizado estudios comparativos que evalúen cuantitativamente las diferencias y similitudes entre los sistemas de migración del este y del oeste. Revisamos estudios previamente publicados sobre aves de bosque de la familia Parulidae (Reinitas) para destacar los patrones ecológicos de las paradas migratorias que sugieran diferencias fundamentales entre las aves paseriformes migratorias el este y del oeste. Particularmente, comparamos la biogeografía, las relaciones evolutivas y la ecología de las paradas migratorias de las Reinitas del este y del oeste de Norteamérica y encontramos: (1) múltiples líneas de evidencia que indican que las Reinitas del oeste se encuentran geográficamente aisladas de sus coespecíficos o cogenéricos del este durante todo el ciclo anual, (2) los taxa del este y del oeste son unidades evolutivas independientes, (3) las Reinitas migratorias capturadas en el suroeste tendieron a presentar menores cargas de grasa y una mayor proporción de aves eclosionadas durante el año, que lo es típicamente observado para las aves migratorias del este, (4) la frugivoría no se conoce en las Reinitas endémicas del noroeste o sudoeste y (5) en relación a otras regiones o estaciones, la vegetación riparia es usada intensamente durante la primavera por las Reinitas del oeste. Creemos que estudios adicionales y una síntesis de estas diferencias podrían producir un mejor entendimiento mecanístico de la migración Neártico-Neotropical de aves. Basados en esto, sugerimos que (1) un mejor entendimiento de la migración de aves paserinas del oeste debería tener alta prioridad para la ciencia, conservación y educación y (2) que los esfuerzos de investigación coordinados a gran escala serían la estrategia más efectiva para progresar en nuestro conocimiento sobre la migración de las aves paserinas en el oeste.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McLaren ◽  
Heiko Schmaljohann ◽  
Bernd Blasius

Abstract Migratory orientation of many animals is inheritable, enabling naïve migrants to reach remote destinations independently following stepwise (often, nightly) geomagnetic or celestial cues. Which if any such “compass courses” can explain narrow-front trans-continental routes remains unresolved, and evident error-corrections by naïve migrants remain unexplained. We assessed robustness to errors among airborne compass courses and quantified inaugural migration performance globally, accounting for cue transfers (e.g., sun to star compass), in-flight cue maintenance, and previously-overlooked spherical-geometry (longitude) effects. We found (i) sun-compass courses partially self-correct, making them most robust between flight-steps, (ii) within nocturnal flight-steps, geomagnetic or star-compass headings outperform cue-transferred sun-compass steps, (iii) across diverse airborne migration routes, the relative favourability of sun-compass over other courses increases with increasing goal-area, required flight steps and a spherical-geometry factor. Our results can explain enhanced naïve migrant performance, observed diversity in compass-cue hierarchies, and sun-compass orientation being key to many long-distance inaugural migrations.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 20180750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Bodey ◽  
Ian R. Cleasby ◽  
Jonathan D. Blount ◽  
Freydis Vigfusdottir ◽  
Kerry Mackie ◽  
...  

Oxidative stress is a likely consequence of hard physical exertion and thus a potential mediator of life-history trade-offs in migratory animals. However, little is known about the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic stressors on the oxidative state of individuals in wild populations. We quantified the relationships between air temperature, sex, body condition and three markers of oxidative state (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity) across hundreds of individuals of a long-distance migrant (the brent goose Branta bernicla hrota ) during wintering and spring staging. We found that air temperature and migratory stage were the strongest predictors of oxidative state. This emphasizes the importance of extrinsic factors in regulating the oxidative state of migrating birds, with differential effects across the migration. The significance of abiotic effects demonstrates an additional mechanism by which changing climates may affect migratory costs.


1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Alerstam

Migration routes of birds throw light on orientation performance at different geographic scales, over distances ranging from a few kilometres to more than 104 km. Detailed knowledge about the flight routes may be used to test predictions about optimal orientation according to theoretical principles and about the use of compasses based on celestial or magnetic cues. Ringing recoveries demonstrate that the migratory journey of many species, such as the wheatear and willow warbler, is divided into successive legs with different main orientation. Autumn and spring migration routes are often different, sometimes diverging on a continental scale. Aerial radiotracking of whooping cranes in North America and satellite tracking of brent geese migrating from Iceland across the Greenland ice cap point to the significant role of large-scale topography for the shaping of migration routes. Compass and position control are also required, e.g. during long passages across featureless sea or ice, but how these elements are integrated into the birds' orientation system remains unclear. Radar studies from the Arctic Ocean illustrate the importance of map projections for interpreting flight paths and suggest that birds accomplish approximate great circle orientation. Gradual course changes shown by migrating knots monitored by radar in Scandinavia are at variance with expected changes if the birds were to use a star, sun or magnetic compass over longer distances. Accurate recording of short flight segments shows how flying birds respond to visual, audible and electromagnetic cues, and also documents orientation precision and capacity to integrate rapidly shifting courses into a consistent resulting orientation. Analyses of flight patterns are crucial for understanding how birds find and follow their migration routes over different ranges of geographical scale.


PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Lei Cao ◽  
Inga Bysykatova ◽  
Zhenggang Xu ◽  
Sonia Rozenfeld ◽  
...  

The degree of inhospitable terrain encountered by migrating birds can dramatically affect migration strategies and their evolution as well as influence the way we develop our contemporary flyway conservation responses to protect them. We used telemetry data from 44 tagged individuals of four large-bodied, Arctic breeding waterbird species (two geese, a swan and one crane species) to show for the first time that these birds fly non-stop over the Far East taiga forest, despite their differing ecologies and migration routes. This implies a lack of suitable taiga refuelling habitats for these long-distance migrants. These results underline the extreme importance of northeast China spring staging habitats and of Arctic areas prior to departure in autumn to enable birds to clear this inhospitable biome, confirming the need for adequate site safeguard to protect these populations throughout their annual cycle.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Watson ◽  
Bruna Favetta ◽  
Charles Stock

Long distance migrations are well known to occur in many baleen whale species. Yet, a global synthesis of this information is lacking. Here, we study baleen whales as a group and at a global scale, first analyzing the grey and peer-reviewed literature for information on the location of baleen whale calving and feeding grounds around the world. This information was then combined with modeled-data produced from an Earth System Model to estimate the global distribution of baleen whale calving and feeding habitats. A simple network theoretic heuristic was then used to identify the shortest over-water path connecting habitats. These shortest paths map well to known major migration routes for a number of species, suggesting that migration has evolved primarily to minimize travel distances. Identifying distance minimizing routes globally, that have demonstrable consistency to known migration routes for certain baleen whale species, offers a useful baseline perspective on large-scale migration patterns, from which many perturbations can by judged. As an example, we used our modeled migration routes to identify regions of the ocean that are likely hotspots of whale ship-strikes. Such information is useful for developing global conservation and management priorities for baleen whales.


Author(s):  
Ron Harris

Before the seventeenth century, trade across Eurasia was mostly conducted in short segments along the Silk Route and Indian Ocean. Business was organized in family firms, merchant networks, and state-owned enterprises, and dominated by Chinese, Indian, and Arabic traders. However, around 1600 the first two joint-stock corporations, the English and Dutch East India Companies, were established. This book tells the story of overland and maritime trade without Europeans, of European Cape Route trade without corporations, and of how new, large-scale, and impersonal organizations arose in Europe to control long-distance trade for more than three centuries. It shows that by 1700, the scene and methods for global trade had dramatically changed: Dutch and English merchants shepherded goods directly from China and India to northwestern Europe. To understand this transformation, the book compares the organizational forms used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. The English and Dutch were the last to leap into Eurasian trade, and they innovated in order to compete. They raised capital from passive investors through impersonal stock markets and their joint-stock corporations deployed more capital, ships, and agents to deliver goods from their origins to consumers. The book explores the history behind a cornerstone of the modern economy, and how this organizational revolution contributed to the formation of global trade and the creation of the business corporation as a key factor in Europe's economic rise.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Ralf Peters ◽  
Janos Lucian Breuer ◽  
Maximilian Decker ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  

Achieving the CO2 reduction targets for 2050 requires extensive measures being undertaken in all sectors. In contrast to energy generation, the transport sector has not yet been able to achieve a substantive reduction in CO2 emissions. Measures for the ever more pressing reduction in CO2 emissions from transportation include the increased use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells. The use of fuel cells requires the production of hydrogen and the establishment of a corresponding hydrogen production system and associated infrastructure. Synthetic fuels made using carbon dioxide and sustainably-produced hydrogen can be used in the existing infrastructure and will reach the extant vehicle fleet in the medium term. All three options require a major expansion of the generation capacities for renewable electricity. Moreover, various options for road freight transport with light duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are analyzed and compared. In addition to efficiency throughout the entire value chain, well-to-wheel efficiency and also other aspects play an important role in this comparison. These include: (a) the possibility of large-scale energy storage in the sense of so-called ‘sector coupling’, which is offered only by hydrogen and synthetic energy sources; (b) the use of the existing fueling station infrastructure and the applicability of the new technology on the existing fleet; (c) fulfilling the power and range requirements of the long-distance road transport.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lydersen ◽  
Jade Vacquié-Garcia ◽  
Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen ◽  
Nils Øien ◽  
Christophe Guinet ◽  
...  

Abstract Insight into animal movements is essential for understanding habitat use by individuals as well as population processes and species life-history strategies. In this study, we instrumented 25 fin whales with ARGOS satellite-transmitters in Svalbard, Norway, to study their movement patterns and behaviour (Area Restricted Search (ARS), transiting or unknown) during boreal autumn/early winter. Ten of the whales stayed in the tagging area (most northerly location: 81.68°N) for their entire tracking periods (max 45 days). The other 15 whales moved in a south-westerly direction; the longest track ended off the coast of northern Africa (> 5000 km from the tagging location) after 96 days. The whales engaged in ARS behaviour intermittently throughout their southward migrations. During transit phases the whales moved quickly; one individual maintained an average horizontal speed of 9.3 km/h (travelling 223 km per day) for a period of a week. This study documents that: (1) some fin whales might remain at high latitudes during winter; (2) the whales that do migrate probably feed along the way; (3) they can maintain high transiting speed for long periods and; (4) one breeding area for this species is likely located in deep, warm water some 100 km west of Morocco.


2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (99) ◽  
pp. 20140542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan F. Putman ◽  
Erica S. Jenkins ◽  
Catherine G. J. Michielsens ◽  
David L. G. Noakes

Animals navigate using a variety of sensory cues, but how each is weighted during different phases of movement (e.g. dispersal, foraging, homing) is controversial. Here, we examine the geomagnetic and olfactory imprinting hypotheses of natal homing with datasets that recorded variation in the migratory routes of sockeye ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) and pink ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) salmon returning from the Pacific Ocean to the Fraser River, British Columbia. Drift of the magnetic field (i.e. geomagnetic imprinting) uniquely accounted for 23.2% and 44.0% of the variation in migration routes for sockeye and pink salmon, respectively. Ocean circulation (i.e. olfactory imprinting) predicted 6.1% and 0.1% of the variation in sockeye and pink migration routes, respectively. Sea surface temperature (a variable influencing salmon distribution but not navigation, directly) accounted for 13.0% of the variation in sockeye migration but was unrelated to pink migration. These findings suggest that geomagnetic navigation plays an important role in long-distance homing in salmon and that consideration of navigation mechanisms can aid in the management of migratory fishes by better predicting movement patterns. Finally, given the diversity of animals that use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation, geomagnetic drift may provide a unifying explanation for spatio-temporal variation in the movement patterns of many species.


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