scholarly journals The First Liability Insurance Cartel in America, 1896–1906

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-417
Author(s):  
Sachin S. Pandya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Personal Injury ◽  
Tort Liability ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Premium Rates ◽  
Share Information

This article studies the rise and fall of the first liability insurance cartel in the United States. In 1886, insurance companies in America began selling liability insurance for personal injury accidents, primarily to cover business tort liability for employee accidents at work and non-employee injuries occasioned by their business operations. In 1896, the leading liability insurers agreed to fix premium rates and share information on policyholder losses. In 1906, this cartel fell apart.

scholarly journals Compensation for Non-Economic Loss, the Tort-Liability Insurance System, and the 21st Century

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 571-598
Author(s):  
Roger C. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Tort Liability ◽  
Auto Insurance ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Definition Of

Tort awards for non-economic loss have grown in an almost geometric progression in the United States since first recognized nearly 150 years ago. Not only have courts constantly expanded the areas in which claimants are permitted to recover pain and suffering awards, but at the same time they have liberalized the definition of pain and suffering itself This may be traced in part from the way the judicial system was designed after the American Revolution, the role of lawyers in the system, and the affluence of the country. Consequently, awards for non-economic loss have taken on ever increasing importance, an importance that does not bode well for the prospects for future adoptions of no-fault auto insurance plans that would curtail such recoveries. This article sketches historical influences on the tort-liability insurance system and summarizes modern developments in the law of damages for non-economic loss in the United States. It then raises questions regarding the prospects for adoption of the federal Choice No-Fault Auto Reform Act now pending in the U.S. Congress, a plan that would offer auto accident victims the choice of being compensated on a no-fault basis, while waiving their right to recover for pain and suffering. It concludes by offering a possible scenario of how future efforts to reform the tort-liability system in the United States may occur as we move into the 21st century.

scholarly journals Insured person and insured risk in liability insurance for damages caused by the influence on the environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-649
Author(s):  
Vladimir Marjanski ◽  
Sandra Fišer-Šobot
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Environmental Damages ◽  
Insured Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic

Liability insurance for environmental damages has been existing in some European countries and in the United States for more than a hundred years. In the Republic of Serbia, however, this type of insurance is still quite underdeveloped. The subject matter of this paper is the analysis of, according to the authors' opinion, two most important issues of liability insurance for damages arising out of the harmful influence on the environment. The first question is who is capable of being an insured person in this type of insurance and the second one, what represents an insured risk and how it should be described when formulating an insurance policy. In the paper these two aspects have been analyzed according to the applicable laws of the Republic of Serbia, relevant international documents and general and specific terms and conditions of domestic and foreign insurance companies.

The Pioneer in American Life Insurance Marketing

1938 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
J. Owen Stalson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
General Public ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Fire Insurance

Colonial America gave little thought to life insurance selling. The colonists secured protection against marine risks from private underwriters, first in London, eventually at home. It has been asserted that Philadelphia had no fire insurance until 1752; Boston none before 1795. The first corporations formed in this country for insuring lives were those of the Presbyterian Ministers Fund (1759) and a similar company organized for the benefit of Episcopal ministers (1769). Neither of these corporations offered insurance to the general public. In the last decade of the eighteenth century many insurance companies were formed in the United States. At least five were chartered to underwrite life risks, but only one, The Insurance Company of North America, appears to have accepted any. There is no basis for saying that any of these early companies tried to sell life insurance.

scholarly journals The Application of Bühlmann‑Straub Model with Data Correction for the Estimation of Net Premium Rates in Bonus‑Malus Systems of the Motor Third Liability Insurance

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (336) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Anna Edyta Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
New Method ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Data Correction ◽  
Insurance Portfolio ◽  
Premium Rates ◽  
The Right

One of the elements used in the process of tariff calculation of premiums in motor liability insurance is a bonus‑malus system. This systems takes into account the “claims ratio” by means of increases and discounts of the base premium called net premium rates. The aim of this work is to propose an estimation method of the net premium rates in the bonus‑malus classes of the motor third‑party liability insurance portfolio of individuals. The Bühlmann‑Straub model was used for the premium estimation. In order to improve the credibility of the estimated premium rates, a data correction in the classes with premium increase was preformed. An example of the application of the new method is presented based on the data obtained from one of the insurance companies operating on the Polish market, which has reserved the right to stay anonymous.

scholarly journals “Estimating incurred claims”

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-279
Author(s):  
V. Benedikt ◽  
Herbert L. Feay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Bodily Injury

Mr. Benedikt uses “chain relatives” based on the incurred claim totals included in Part 5 of Schedule “P” of the annual statement required for fire and casualty companies in the United States. Each total is for the losses as developed to end of calendar year (j) for claims incurred because of accidents in calendar year (i). Each total is the sum of the actual payments made before the end of year (j) plus the reserve for estimated payments to be made after the end of year (j) for claims incurred in year (i). The “chain relatives” are ratios. The “chain relative” ai,j is the ratio of developed losses to end of (j + 1) to the developed losses at the end of year (j).Each total of Part 5 of Schedule “P” equals the sum of the total payments to date plus the total reserves for future payments for the corresponding classification of claims. Separate totals for these amounts are given in Part 1 of Schedule “P”. The totals of Part 5 are not secured directly from Part 1 because Part 1 gives totals by policy year of issue only and Part 5 separates the totals by policy of issue by calendar year in which claims are incurred. The two parts are prepared from the same basic claim information and agree in total.The accumulated total paid losses for most casualty lines increase with passage of time. This accumulated total for paid losses can be reduced only if there are recoveries for losses previously paid, such as can occur for auto collision. For auto collision, the insurance company for this insurance can pay the insured for the damage to his car and then later recover from the insurance company that provided the liability insurance for another car involved in the same accident. Such substantial recoveries normally do not occur for auto liability insurance for bodily injury and property damage.

scholarly journals On Legislation as to Life Insurance and Life Insurance Companies

1871 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Law

The past session of Parliament has witnessed the passing of an Act for the regulation of Life Assurance Companies in the United Kingdom, which, while introducing great changes in the law, still stops very far short of the system of legislation which has been for several years in operation in a few of the United States of America, and which is warmly approved of and urgently recommended for adoption by some persons in this country. The present may therefore be considered a fitting time for reviewing what has been done and considering whether any further legislation is desirable, and if any, of what nature it should be.

Booking your own life: The development of a DIY touring network in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Makagon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Share Information

The do-it-yourself (DIY) touring circuit changed dramatically in the United States during the late 1980s and early 1990s when more punk bands that had local reputations began to tour beyond their regional bases. This article analyses some important reasons why touring routes expanded, correcting some misconceptions about the types of bands that were touring nationally. I pay special attention to the work of Kamala Lyn Parks, an early booker, and the creation of the Book Your Own Fuckin’ Life (BYOFL) fanzine; a crucial resource for punks to share information about DIY shows in their scenes. Throughout the article, I foreground the importance punks placed on enacting social networks of trust in this newly developed national touring circuit.

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