Spreadsheets based on interval constraint satisfaction

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eero Hyvönen
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Typical Situation ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Inexact Data ◽  
Computational Paradigm ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Interval Constraint

AbstractSpreadsheets are difficult to use in applications, where only incomplete or inexact data (e.g., intervals) are available-a typical situation in various design and planning tasks. It can be argued that this is due to two fundamental shortcomings of the computational paradigm underlying spreadsheets. First, the distinction between input and output cells has to be fixed before computations. Second, cells may have only exact values. As a result, spread-sheets support the user only with primitive iterative problem solving schemes based on trial-and-error methods. A constraint-based computational paradigm for next generation interval spreadsheets is presented. The scheme makes it possible to exploit incomplete/inexact data (intervals), and it can support problem solving in a top-down fashion. Current spreadsheets constitute a special case of the more general interval constraint spreadsheets proposed.

An Experiment in Problem Solving

1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
The Individual

Trial-and-error problems are described in terms of “stimulus” difficulty, which is a measure of the number of possible modes of response left to the individual when all the information given is taken into account; and “phenomenal” difficulty, which is a measure derived from the individual's performance. An experiment is described in which three types of problem were presented to human subjects. In all three problems the stimulus difficulty was calculable, stage by stage, in the solution. The problems differed in this stimulus difficulty and also in the qualitative nature of the information provided—from unequivocal to conditional. It is shown that the qualitative difference of the nature of the information bears most relationship to phenomenal difficulty. Some observations are made on the modes of solution adopted, and further experimental work is suggested.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of a handheld type 6 DoF midair haptic device using asymmetric vibration and a presentation force vectoring mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuto Okuda ◽  
Shunsuke Komizunai ◽  
Atsushi Konno
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Haptic Device ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
User Test ◽  
Original Presentation ◽  
Force Sense ◽  
Asymmetric Vibration

Abstract This paper describes a handheld type aerial haptic device with 6 DoF (degree of freedom) using pseudo-haptics by asymmetric vibration. By introducing a original presentation force vectoring mechanism, 6 DoF force sense presentation and compactness suitable for handheld use with a small number of vibrators are realized together. In addition, a relationship between the drive input and output (presentation force sense) of the developed device is formulated, and its inverse problem solving method for obtaining the drive input that realizes a desired presentation force sense is derived. Furthermore, a user test clarified the direction in which this device can / cannot effectively exert force.

The Principles and Practices in Action

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-178
Author(s):  
Cynthia Rayner ◽  
François Bonnici
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Slow Pace ◽  
The Face ◽  
Strategic Conversation

This book asks a rather simple but bold question: “How do organizations create systemic social change?” This question is growing in importance, becoming part of the strategic conversation for all types of organizations, not just those specifically focused on social change. Business leaders, politicians, educators, employees, and parents are grappling with the realization that complex social change can rapidly impact their everyday lives. As frustration at the slow pace of change grows, and the world’s wicked problems—such as inequality, climate change and racial justice—proliferate, people are increasingly recognizing that we need to find ways to tackle the root causes of these issues rather than just addressing the symptoms. In the face of these challenges, it is easy to default to our more traditional views of leadership and problem-solving, which celebrate an us-versus-them mentality, top-down decision-making, and aggressive power stances. Systems work—with its focus on the process of change including our day-to-day actions and relationships—may feel counterintuitive in this rapidly emerging future. Yet, as the authors’ research has shown, the future is demanding a different kind of leadership, one that emphasizes the ways we work as much as the outcomes we pursue.

Math and Mr. Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
James Russo ◽  
Toby Russo
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mathematical Tasks ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
Concrete Materials

Read a Mr. Men story with your students, and tackle the associated mathematical tasks. Success with these tasks requires children to draw on a variety of problem-solving strategies, including drawing diagrams and pictures, creating tables, trial-and-error strategies (guess and check), modeling problems with concrete materials, and possibly even acting out the problems. Have fun!

Observational learning in the large-billed crow (Corvus macrorhynchos)

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ei-Ichi Izawa ◽  
Shigeru Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Observational Learning ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Imitative Learning ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Corvus Macrorhynchos ◽  
Alternative Techniques ◽  
Learn Problem ◽  
Matching Techniques

Exploiting the skills of others enables individuals to reduce the risks and costs of resource innovation. Social corvids are known to possess sophisticated social and physical cognitive abilities. However, their capacity for imitative learning and its inter-individual transmission pattern remains mostly unexamined. Here we demonstrate the large-billed crows' ability to learn problem-solving techniques by observation and the dominance-dependent pattern in which this technique is transmitted. Crows were allowed to observe one of two box-opening behaviours performed by a dominant or subordinate demonstrator and then tested regarding action and technique. The observers successfully opened the box on their first attempts by using non-matching actions but matching techniques to those observed, suggesting emulation. In the subsequent test sessions, dominant observers (i.e. those dominant to the bird acting as demonstrator) consistently used the learned technique, whereas subordinates (i.e. those subordinate to the bird acting as demonstrator) learned alternative techniques by explorative trial and error. Our findings demonstrate crows' capacity to learn by observing behaviours and the effect of dominance on transmission patterns of behavioural skills. Keywords: social learning; imitation; emulation; affordance; culture; innovation

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