Diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in older children, adolescents, and adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1215-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. FISCHER WALKER ◽  
R. E. BLACK
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

SUMMARYDiarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality yet diarrhoea specific incidence and mortality rates for older children, adolescents, and adults have not been systematically calculated for many countries. We conducted a systematic literature review to generate regional incidence rates by age and to summarize diarrhoea specific mortality rates for regions of the world with inadequate vital registration data. Diarrhoea morbidity rates range from 29·9 episodes/100 person-years for adults in the South East Asian region to 88·4 episodes/100 person-years in older children in the Eastern Mediterranean region and have remained unchanged in the last 30 years. Diarrhoea mortality rates decline as the child ages and remain relatively constant during adulthood. These data are critical for improving estimates worldwide and further highlight the need for improved diarrhoea specific morbidity and mortality data in these age groups.

scholarly journals Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality are driven by unequal infection risks.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Zelner ◽  
Rob Trangucci ◽  
Ramya Naraharisetti ◽  
Alex Cao ◽  
Ryan Malosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The U.S

Background. As of August 5, 2020, there were more than 4.8M confirmed and probable cases and 159K deaths attributable to SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, with these numbers undoubtedly reflecting a significant underestimate of the true toll. Geographic, racial-ethnic, age and socioeconomic disparities in exposure and mortality are key features of the first and second wave of the U.S. COVID-19 epidemic. Methods. We used individual-level COVID-19 incidence and mortality data from the U.S. state of Michigan to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates by race/ethnic group. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian regression models, and model results were validated using posterior predictive checks. Findings. In crude and age-standardized analyses we found rates of incidence and mortality more than twice as high than Whites for all groups other than Native Americans. Of these, Blacks experienced the greatest burden of confirmed and probable COVID-19 infection (Age- standardized incidence = 1,644/100,000 population) and mortality (age-standardized mortality rate 251/100,000). These rates reflect large disparities, as Blacks experienced age-standardized incidence and mortality rates 5.6 (95% CI = 5.5, 5.7) and 6.9 (6.5, 7.3) times higher than Whites, respectively. We also found that the bulk of the disparity in mortality between Blacks and Whites is driven by dramatically higher rates of COVID-19 infection across all age groups, particularly among older adults, rather than age-specific variation in case-fatality rates. Interpretation. This work suggests that well-documented racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in hard-hit settings, such as the U.S. state of Michigan, are driven primarily by variation in household, community and workplace exposure rather than case-fatality rates. Funding. This work was supported by a COVID-PODS grant from the Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS) at the University of Michigan. The funding source had no role in the preparation of this manuscript.

scholarly journals Age transition of tuberculosis incidence and mortality in Brazil

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Chaimowicz
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Tuberculosis Incidence ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

OBJECTIVE: Before the Aids pandemic, demographic transition and control programs prompted a shift in the age of incidence of tuberculosis from adults to older people in many countries. The objective of the study is to evaluate this transition in Brazil. METHODS: Tuberculosis incidence and mortality data from the Ministry of Health and population data from the Brazilian Bureau of Statistics were used to calculate age-specific incidence and mortality rates and medians. RESULTS: Among reported cases, the proportion of older people increased from 10.5% to 12% and the median age from 38 to 41 years between the period of 1986 and 1996. The smallest decrease in the incidence rate occurred in the 30--49 and 60+ age groups. The median age of death increased from 53 to 55 years between 1980 and 1996. The general decline in mortality rates from 1986 to 1991 became less evident in the 30+ age group during the period of 1991 to 1996. A direct correlation between age and mortality rates was observed. The largest proportion of bacteriologically unconfirmed cases occurred in older individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of tuberculosis has begun to shift to the older population. This shift results from the decline in the annual risk of infection as well as the demographic transition. An increase in reactivation tuberculosis in older people is expected, since this population will grow from 5% to 14% of the Brazilian population over the next 50 years. A progressive reduction in HIV-related cases in adults will most likely occur. The difficulty in diagnosing tuberculosis in old age leads to increased mortality.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Pancreatic Carcinoma in Canada: 1931 to 1985

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ayiomamitis
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Carcinoma ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Males And Females

Pancreatic carcinoma accounts for approximately one of every 20 deaths from cancer and one out of every 30 new cases of cancer in Canada. It is among the 10 leading causes of death from cancer and the 10 leading sites of newly diagnosed cases for a number of age groups. Age standardized mortality rates have risen sharply in both males (2.0 to 9.5 deaths per 100,000 population per year) and females (2.2 to 5.7 deaths per 100.000 population per year) during 1931 ro 1985 (P < 0.0001). The increase in standarized rates, 0.14 and 0.07 additional deaths per 100,000 population per year in males and females, respectively, is attributable to significant increases in age specific rates for males and females aged 35 to 44, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, 65 to 74, 75 co 84 and over 85 years old ( P ≤ 0.0005) in whom rates have risen by as much as 2.5 additional deaths per 100,000 population per year. Although age standardized incidence rnte5 have risen marginally in males (P = 0.085), age specific rates in males aged 0 to 24 years have risen significantly (P = 0.01 ). In contrast, standarized incidence races have risen sharply in females (0.12 additional new cases per 100,000 population per year; P = 0.0007), which was also characteristic of age specific rates for women aged 45 to 54, 55 ro 64, 65 to 74 and 75 to 84 years old (P < 0.03) where rates have risen by 0.15 to 1.65 additional new cases per 100,000 population per year. Recent age specific incidence and mortality rates indicate that morbidity and mortality rates rise sharply after age 45, when rates double between successive 10-year age groups, and peak for males and females aged more than 85 years.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Are Driven by Unequal Infection Risks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Zelner ◽  
Rob Trangucci ◽  
Ramya Naraharisetti ◽  
Alex Cao ◽  
Ryan Malosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background As of 1 November 2020, there have been &gt;230 000 deaths and 9 million confirmed and probable cases attributable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States. However, this overwhelming toll has not been distributed equally, with geographic, race/ethnic, age, and socioeconomic disparities in exposure and mortality defining features of the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Methods We used individual-level COVID-19 incidence and mortality data from the state of Michigan to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates by race/ethnic group. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian regression models, and model results were validated using posterior predictive checks. Results In crude and age-standardized analyses we found rates of incidence and mortality more than twice as high than for Whites for all groups except Native Americans. Blacks experienced the greatest burden of confirmed and probable COVID-19 (age-standardized incidence, 1626/100 000 population) and mortality (age-standardized mortality rate, 244/100 000). These rates reflect large disparities, as Blacks experienced age-standardized incidence and mortality rates 5.5 (95% posterior credible interval [CrI], 5.4–5.6) and 6.7 (95% CrI, 6.4–7.1) times higher than Whites, respectively. We found that the bulk of the disparity in mortality between Blacks and Whites is driven by dramatically higher rates of COVID-19 infection across all age groups, particularly among older adults, rather than age-specific variation in case-fatality rates. Conclusions This work suggests that well-documented racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in hard-hit settings, such as Michigan, are driven primarily by variation in household, community, and workplace exposure rather than case-fatality rates.

scholarly journals Incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancers in Iran compared to its proportion throughout the world

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
Elham Goodarzi ◽  
Seyedeh Leila Dehghani ◽  
Zaher Khazaei
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
Cancer Project

Introduction: Kidney cancer was considered as the ninth common cancer worldwide. Its incidence and mortality has been increasing for decades. However, in recent years in many countries, there is a downward trend. Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the incidence and mortality rates of renal cancers in Iran compared to its proportion throughout the world. Materials and Methods: All mortality and incidence rates of all countries were extracted from the Global Cancer Project (GLOBOCAN) (data of 2012). The methods of estimation were quality of the estimation and country-specific that was dependent on the quality and on the amount of the available data of each country. Results: The rates have been shown in eight categories; world, very high human development, high human development, medium human development, low human development, less developed, more developed regions in addition to Iran. The rates of Iran were close to medium human developed region rates. In Iran, 1641 kidney cancers cases have been registered which 981 men and 660 women were reported with an overall incidence rate of 1.9 per 100 000 which is less than world incidence rate for kidney cancers. In Iran, the highest incidence was also among patients with age of 75 years and more. Additionally, the lowest incidence rates were among age groups of less than 15 years and age group of 45- 49 years. Conclusion: Considering the lower incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancer in Iran compared to other regions of the world, conducting more studies to find related-risk factors to decline the incidence rates of disease would be necessary.

scholarly journals Trends in Incidence and Mortality of Primary Liver Cancer in Lithuania 1998–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1191
Author(s):  
Audrius Dulskas ◽  
Povilas Kavaliauskas ◽  
Kestutis Zagminas ◽  
Ligita Jancoriene ◽  
Giedre Smailyte
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

Background: Recently, reports have suggested that rates of liver cancer have increased during the last decades in developed countries; increasing hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma rates were reported. The aim of this study was to examine time trends in incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer for the period of 1998–2015 in Lithuania by sex, age, and histology. Methods: We examined the incidence of liver cancer from 1998 to 2015 using data from the Lithuanian Cancer Registry. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated by sex, age, and histology. Trends were analyzed using the Joinpoint Regression Program to estimate the annual percent change. Results: A total of 3086 primary liver cancer cases were diagnosed, and 2923 patients died from liver cancer. The total number of liver cancer cases changed from 132 in 1998 to 239 in 2015. Liver cancer incidence rates changed during the study period from 5.02/100,000 in 1998 to 10.54/100,000 in 2015 in men and from 2.43/100,000 in 1998 to 6.25/100,000 in 2015 in women. Annual percentage changes (APCs) in the age-standardized rates over this period were 4.5% for incidence and 3.6% for mortality. Hepatocellular cancer incidence rates were stable from 1998 to 2005 (APC −5.9, p = 0.1) and later increased by 6.7% per year (p < 0.001). Intrahepatic ductal carcinoma incidence increased by 8.9% per year throughout the study period. The rise in incidence was observed in all age groups; however, in age groups < 50 and between 70 and 79 years, observed changes were not statistically significant. For mortality, the significant point of trend change was detected in 2001, where after stable mortality, rates started to increase by 2.4% per year. Conclusions: Primary liver cancer incidence and mortality increased in both sexes in Lithuania. The rise om incidence was observed in both sexes and main histology groups. The increasing incidence trend may be related to the prevalence of main risk factors (alcohol consumption, hepatitis B and C infections. and diabetes).

Incidence and Mortality Data from Cutaneous Melanoma in Trentino: Registry-Based Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiana Boi ◽  
Mario Cristofolini ◽  
Rocco Micciolo ◽  
Enzo Polla ◽  
Silvano Piffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Skin Melanoma ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Regional Mortality

Background: The province of Trento has been the target of health campaigns for early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma for 30 years. Objective: To evaluate incidence and mortality data of skin melanoma in the province from January 1992 to December 2001. Methods: The study is based on the provincial skin cancer registry and the regional mortality registry. Standardized incidence and mortality rates were computed, and time trends were evaluated. Incidence rates were modeled using Poisson regression. Results: Five hundred fifty-four melanomas were diagnosed (226 in males and 328 in females). No period effect was revealed. Incidence rates in females were about 1.24 times those in males. No significant trend in mortality rates was observed. Conclusion: We examined incidence and mortality data of cutaneous melanoma during a 10-year period and failed to find any significant trend. It seems we have reached a plateau after many years of continuous, intensive health campaigns.

scholarly journals Research of the epidemiology on cancer of the trachea, bronchi, lungs as important components in the development of effective directions for increasing the effectiveness of pharmaceutical support for cancer patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Yurii Pulnyi ◽  
Hanna Panfilova ◽  
Ellona Shelkova ◽  
Oleksandr Kabachnyi ◽  
Vitaly Chernukha
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Male Cohort ◽  
Epidemiological Profile

The aim: to conduct epidemiological studies on cancer of the trachea, bronchi, lungs as important components in the development of effective directions for increasing the effectiveness of pharmaceutical support for cancer patients in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The study used data from special literature, which presents the results of research on cancer in different countries of the world and data from the National Cancer Registry from 2014-2019 by indicators of morbidity and mortality of the population of Ukraine from cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lungs, including by gender. General theoretical (historical, analytical-comparative, systemic, graphic, logical, hypothetical-deductive) and applied (mathematical-statistical, epidemiological) research methods were used. Results. It was found that during 2014-2018 in terms of morbidity and mortality of the population from cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lungs in Ukraine, there was a positive dynamics of decline. So, in terms of incidence rates, which are standardized by WHO in 2018, the data decreased compared to 2014 by 8.4 %, and according to the “Ukrainian standard” – by 7.0 %. Mortality rates, which were standardized by WHO, decreased in 2018 compared to 2014 by 12.1 %, and those presented according to the “Ukrainian standard” – by 11.1 %. It was proved that the average data on morbidity and mortality of male patients were 6.2 and 7.4 times higher than in the same data for female patients. The different nature of changes in morbidity and mortality rates of patients in accordance with their gender in the dynamics of years has been established. So, for the female cohort of patients, the incidence and mortality rate from cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lungs during 2014-2018 had a complex zigzag character of changes, and in 2019, compared with the data of 2014, they increased by 22.54 % and 23.6 %, respectively. In the male cohort of patients, we observed a positive trend towards a decrease in mortality during 2014-2019. So, in 2019, these indicators reached their minimum and were equal to 57.0 and 44.0 cases per 100 thousand population. According to the data of 2019, the incidence and mortality of men from cancer of the trachea, bronchi and lungs relative to the data of 2014 decreased by 21.4 % and 25.0 %, respectively. It looks encouraging that there was relatively little fluctuation during 2014-2019 epidemiological indicators, both in general for the entire population of patients and female patients. Conclusions. The established characteristics and trends in the formation of the onco-epidemiological profile of the country's population for trachea, bronchus and lung cancer in dynamics over the years necessitate further research, taking into account changes in the main demographic indicators development of society

Trends of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates from 2003 to 2014 in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Zorzi ◽  
Luigino Dal Maso ◽  
Silvia Francisci ◽  
Carlotta Buzzoni ◽  
Massimo Rugge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Objective: To evaluate the trends of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates from 2003 to 2014 in Italy by age groups and regions. Methods: We used the data of 48 cancer registries from 17 Italian regions to estimate standardized incidence and mortality rates overall and by sex, age groups (<50, 50–69, 70+ years), and geographic area (northwest, northeast, center, south, and islands). Time trends were expressed as annual percent change in rates (APC) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Incidence rates decreased from 104.3 (2003) to 89.9 × 100,000 (2014) in men and from 64.3 to 58.4 × 100,000 in women. Among men, incidence decreased during 2007–2010 (APC −4.0, 95% CI −6.0 to −1.9) and 2010–2014 (APC −0.7, 95% CI −1.4 to 0.0), while in women it linearly decreased during the whole period (APC −1.1, 95% CI −1.4 to −0.8). Mortality rates showed a linear reduction both in men (APC −0.7, 95% CI −1.0 to −0.3) and women (APC −0.9, 95% CI −1.2 to −0.6) and decreased respectively from 41.1 to 39.2 × 100,000 and from 24.6 to 23.1 × 100,000. In the 50- to 69-year-old range (screening target age), incidence showed a prescreening increase, followed by a peak after screening started, and a decline thereafter. Incidence and mortality rates significantly decreased in all areas but in the south and islands, where incidence increased and mortality remained stable. Conclusions: A renewed commitment by all regional health systems to invest in primary (i.e., lifestyle) and secondary (i.e., screening programs) prevention is of utmost importance.

scholarly journals Panorama of Gynecologic Cancer in Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1617-1630
Author(s):  
Eduardo Paulino ◽  
Andreia Cristina de Melo ◽  
Agnaldo Lopes Silva-Filho ◽  
Luiza de Freitas Maciel ◽  
Luiz Claudio Santos Thuler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Gynecologic Cancers ◽  
International Data

PURPOSE Little is known, or has been published previously, regarding consolidated data on the epidemiology of gynecologic cancers (GC) in Brazil. This article describes the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of women in Brazil affected with GC between the years of 2000 and 2017. METHODS Incidence, morbidity, and mortality data from patients with a diagnosis of one out of the five most common GC, cervical (CC), uterine (UC), ovarian (OC), vulvar (VvC), and vaginal (VgC), were obtained from three governmental sources of data. RESULTS From 2000 to 2015 CC, OC, and VgC incidence rates (IRs) decreased, whereas the IRs for UC and VvC remained relatively stable. Data from 382,932 women with GC were analyzed. Most patients presented with locally advanced or advanced disease at diagnosis: 60.1% of patients with CC, 31.2% of patients with UC, 67.2% of patients with OC, 45.2% of patients with VvC, and 67.0% of patients with VgC. Time from diagnosis to first treatment was ≥ 60 days in 58.0% of patients with CC, 58.5% of patients with UC, 27.0% of patients with OC, 55.3% of patients with VvC, and 52.7% of patients with VgC. Regarding mortality rates (MRs), with the exception of CC, UC, and VvC, which showed a slight decrease, MRs remained stable between 2000 and 2017. CONCLUSION A comparison with international data indicates that Brazilian patients are diagnosed with more advanced disease and face a longer delay between diagnosis and first treatment. Despite advances in screening and treatment, GC mortality has not decreased satisfactorily in this country.

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