scholarly journals The emergence of the novel H1N1 virus: implications for global mental health

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra S. Chan ◽  
Linda C. W. Lam ◽  
Helen F. K. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Global Mental Health ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The emergence of the novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans has aroused great concern among medical professionals about the possible evolution of a full-blown influenza pandemic, one on the scale of the “Spanish” influenza pandemic of 1918–19 (Belshe, 2009). It has been speculated that the return of a pandemic virus equivalent in pathogenicity to the virus of 1918 would likely kill more than 100 million people worldwide, including a large number of economically active young people (Taubenberger and Morens, 2006). Health administrations worldwide have stepped up reporting and surveillance of the deaths and illnesses associated with H1N1, and most countries have national strategies to fight the outbreak, though skeptics doubt how such plans could be operationalized, especially in developing countries (Coker, 2009). As of 6 July 2009, the cumulative total of H1N1 cases exceeds 90,000 in over 100 countries, with over 400 deaths directly related to the infection (World Health Organization, 2009a). Optimists might believe this pandemic is not going to match the scale of the historical 1918 pandemic given the relatively low fatality rate observed thus far. However, the World Health Organization has cautioned that we have just entered Phase 6 of the pandemic – i.e. we are in the early days of the 2009 flu pandemic (Chan, 2009). The course of the pandemic is thus unpredictable at this stage but it is evident that international multilateral plans and agreements have enabled much greater coordination of communication and action than ever before. The guidance behind these multilateral international actions, rooted in the World Health Organization's International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005, only came into being five years ago in response to the threat of emerging infectious diseases and particularly by the events related to the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (Katz, 2009). The morbidity and mortality directly resulting from this novel influenza A H1N1 outbreak are in the center of the world media's spotlight, but the potential impact of the pandemic on global mental health has not yet received the attention it deserves.

scholarly journals Progression and Trends in Virus from Influenza A to COVID-19: An Overview of Recent Studies

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Hakimeh Baghaei Daemi ◽  
Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar ◽  
Xinlin He ◽  
Chengfei Li ◽  
Morteza Karimpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Influenza is a highly known contagious viral infection that has been responsible for the death of many people in history with pandemics. These pandemics have been occurring every 10 to 30 years in the last century. The most recent global pandemic prior to COVID-19 was the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. A decade ago, the H1N1 virus caused 12,500 deaths in just 19 months globally. Now, again, the world has been challenged with another pandemic. Since December 2019, the first case of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection was detected in Wuhan. This infection has risen rapidly throughout the world; even the World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19 as a worldwide emergency to ensure human health and public safety. This review article aims to discuss important issues relating to COVID-19, including clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19 and recent progress in diagnosis and treatment approaches for the COVID-19 infection. We also highlight key similarities and differences between COVID-19 and influenza A to ensure the theoretical and practical details of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Solovyov ◽  
G Palacios ◽  
T Briese ◽  
W I Lipkin ◽  
R Rabadan
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In March and April 2009, a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) virus has been isolated in Mexico and the United States. Since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the World Health Organization, all around the world. Several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. We have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. We show that the new virus combines genetic information related to different swine influenza viruses. Segments PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS are related to swine H1N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses isolated in North America. Segments NA and M are related to swine influenza viruses isolated in Eurasia.

scholarly journals Influenza A(H5N1): an overview of the current situation

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Melidou ◽  
G Gioula ◽  
M Exindari ◽  
D Chatzidimitriou ◽  
E Diza-Mataftsi
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Influenza viruses continue to threaten the world with a new pandemic. While currently attention is focused on the newly emerged A(H1N1) virus, the avian influenza A(H5N1) virus is still a cause of concern. Extended research is focused on the genetic evolution of the viruses, as well as their susceptibility to available antiviral drugs. One of the major priorities of the World Health Organization is to develop candidate vaccines, four of which are already licensed for use in the European Union. Since the last influenza pandemic in 1968, our knowledge of the influenza virus and its biology has greatly increased, revealing new avenues in the research for antiviral strategies and the development of effective vaccines.

scholarly journals Protecting Rights and Building Capacities: Challenges to Global Mental Health Policy in Light of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Wildeman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
International Development ◽  
Global Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Policy ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has in the last decade identified mental health as a priority for global health promotion and international development, to be targeted through promulgation of evidence-based medical practices, health systems reform, and respect for human rights. Yet these overlapping strategies are marked by tensions as the historical primacy of expert-led initiatives is increasingly subject to challenge by new social movements — in particular, disabled persons’ organizations (DPOs). These tensions come into focus upon situating the WHO’s contributions to the analysis of global mental health in light of the negotiation and early stages of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), particularly as it applies to persons with mental disabilities.

Global Public Health Legal Responses to H1N1

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (S1) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance Gable ◽  
Brooke Courtney ◽  
Robert Gatter ◽  
Eleanor D. Kinney
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Legal Responses ◽  
Health Organization

Pandemics challenge the law and often highlight its strengths or expose its limits. The novel strain of influenza A (H1N1) virus that emerged in the spring of 2009 and rapidly spread around the globe was no exception. The H1N1 pandemic prompted the first significant application of a number of international legal and policy mechanisms that have been developed in the last decade to respond to this kind of event. Furthermore, it presented a considerable test for public health systems at all levels, from global to local.Although initial predictions forecasting high morbidity and mortality from this virus overestimated its eventual impact, the human toll of the pandemic was nevertheless significant. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported approximately 1.5 million people were infected worldwide in 214 countries, resulting in over 25,000 confirmed deaths, but the actual health impact of the outbreak was certainly much higher.

Evolution trends of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses in different continents from March 2009 to April 2012

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Hui Qi ◽  
Jun Feng ◽  
Chen-Chen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Deviation Degree ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses, A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) — like virus, has gone into the post-pandemic period on August 10, 2010. People still have some concerns the virus would likely mutate and become a new pandemic virus in the future. Here, we use MUSCLE program and graphic mapping method to look into the evolutionary characteristics of the 6219 hemagglutinin and 4860 neuraminidase full-length sequences from March 2009 to April 2012. The graphic and statistical analyses showed that the novel pandemic isolates, A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) — like virus, experienced several different times. During the early-pandemic period (03/2009-08/2009), the viruses have spread globally in several clusters and deviated slightly from the recommended vaccine strain, A/California/07/2009. During the pandemic period (09/2009-08/2010), new clusters began to emerge from Asia and North America, and further deviated from the recommended vaccine strain. During the postpandemic period (09/2010-08/2011) and the recent period (09/2011-04/2012), the original cluster with the recommended vaccine isolate, A/California/07/2009, has nearly disappeared. The deviation degree between the new clusters and the vaccine isolate became larger and larger. However, the deviation degree and the deviation speed were low. The WHO did not choose a new vaccine isolate instead of the original vaccine isolate, A/California/07/2009. Even so, it is necessary to monitor continuously the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses.

scholarly journals Cases of influenza A(H1N1)v reported in Turkey, May-July 2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Ciblak ◽  
N Albayrak ◽  
Y Odabas ◽  
A Basak Altas ◽  
M Kanturvardar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Index Case ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Case Based

Following the declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) of human cases of infection with a new influenza A(H1N1)v virus of swine origin, the Turkish Ministry of Health launched a case-based reporting of influenza A(H1N1)v throughout the country on 27 April 2009. The index case was detected on 15 May 2009. As of 17 July 2009 the number of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A(H1N1)v totaled 128 of whom 38 were indigenous cases.

scholarly journals Influenza – our constant companion

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Ian G Barr ◽  
Paul W Selleck
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
2009 Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Novel Influenza A

On 11 June 2009, Dr Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the World Health Organization, announced to the world that following the emergence of a novel influenza A virus in late April 2009 and its extensive spread that, ?I have therefore decided to raise the level of influenza pandemic alert from phase 5 to phase 6. The world is now at the start of the 2009 influenza pandemic.? Dr Chan also commented, ?No previous pandemic has been detected so early or watched so closely, in real-time, right at the very beginning. The world can now reap the benefits of investments, over the last five years, in pandemic preparedness.? Also observed was that, ?Globally, we have good reason to believe that this pandemic, at least in its early days, will be of moderate severity?.

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