Diagnostic Classification of Neuropsychiatric Signs and Symptoms in Patients With Dementia

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (S3) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Caine
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Chronic Headache ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Classification ◽  
Persistent Diarrhea ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Establishing a medical diagnosis serves two utilitarian purposes: providing information necessary to initiate treatment and communicating information regarding prognosis. A nosology or diagnostic nomenclature (i.e., a classification of diagnoses) provides further utility by establishing a foundation for clinical research. In his book, Wulff outlined four types of diagnoses: (1) symptomatic or pseudoanatomic diagnoses (e.g., chronic headache, persistent diarrhea, or irritable bowel); (2) syndromes; (3) anatomic diagnoses; and (4) causal diagnoses. By definition, syndromes have no means of being validated by measures external to the constructs themselves. Often, specific syndromes reflect diverse origins, and conversely, specific etiologies may cause multiple syndromes (e.g., syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus, and diabetes).

Combined Genotypes of CCR5, CCR2, SDF1, and HLA Genes Can Predict the Long-Term Nonprogressor Status in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1–Infected Individuals

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 936-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Magierowska ◽  
Ioannis Theodorou ◽  
Patrice Debré ◽  
Françoise Sanson ◽  
Brigitte Autran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Chemokine Receptor ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Hla Alleles ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Combined Genotypes ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1–infected long-term nonprogressors (LT-NP) represent less than 5% of HIV-1–infected patients. In this work, we tried to understand whether combined genotypes of CCR5-▵32, CCR2-64I, SDF1-3′A and HLA alleles can predict the LT-NP status. Among the chemokine receptor genotypes, only the frequency of the CCR5-▵32 allele was significantly higher in LT-NP compared with the group of standard progressors. The predominant HLA alleles in LT-NP were HLA-A3, HLA-B14, HLA-B17, HLA-B27, HLA-DR6, and HLA-DR7. A combination of both HLA and chemokine receptor genotypes integrated in a multivariate logistic regression model showed that if a subject is heterozygous for CCR5-▵32 and homozygous for SDF1 wild type, his odds of being LT-NP are increased by 16-fold, by 47-fold when a HLA-B27 allele is present with HLA-DR6 absent, and by 47-fold also if at least three of the following alleles are present: HLA-A3, HLA-B14, HLA-B17, HLA-DR7. This model allowed a correct classification of 70% of LT-NPs and 81% of progressors, suggesting that the host’s genetic background plays an important role in the evolution of HIV-1. The chemokine receptor and chemokine genes along with the HLA genotype can serve as predictors of HIV-1 outcome for classification of HIV-1–infected subjects as LT-NPs or progressors.

The subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus in Australia and Asia

Sexual Health ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Oelrichs
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Australasian Region ◽  
Hiv 1

Worldwide, the human immunodeficiency virus exhibits a great genetic variability, with multiple circulating subtypes of the virus. This variability allows study of the movement of HIV strains within and between human populations but also has implications for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. The type of HIV causing the epidemic in Australia is changing from being homogeneous subtype B, reflecting a greater regional diversity. In this paper the classification of HIV-1 subtypes and their distribution within the Australasian region are reviewed and the implications of these distribution patterns discussed.

Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection in Western Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo BOZORGOMID ◽  
Yazdan HAMZAVI ◽  
Sahar HEIDARI KHAYAT ◽  
Behzad MAHDAVIAN ◽  
Homayoon BASHIRI
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the greatest health challenges facing worldwide. The virus suppresses the immune system of the patient. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization, rarely found in normal people, in patients with stage 4 HIV infection in Kermanshah, Iran, from Mar 1995 to Feb 2016. Methods: In this retrospective study, we surveyed medical records of stage 4 HIV-positive patients with Pneumocystis admitted to Behavioral Counseling Center of Kermanshah. Several parameters were analyzed including demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), treatment regimen, diagnostic methods, presenting signs and symptoms, presence of co-pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or fungi), and nadir of CD4 T-cell count before and after treatment. Results: During the study period, 114 HIV-positive patients were analyzed, of whom 93 were male and 21 were female, respectively. Of 114 cases, 26 (22.8%) patients had Pneumocystis. All 26 colonized patients had CD4 cell counts below 200 cells/mm3 (range 9–186). The median CD4 count increased from 91 cells/mm3 pretrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) to an estimated 263 cells/mm3 after starting (TMP/SMX). BMI was normal in the majority of the patients (85%) and coughs, sputum, and chest pain (19; 73%) followed by dyspnea, weakness, and lethargy (7; 27%) were the most common presentations of fungal pneumonia. Conclusion: HIV/AIDS-infected patients are an environmental reservoir of P. jirovecii infection that might transmit the infection from one person to another via the airborne route. In addition, rapid identification of such individuals may reduce the morbidity and mortality rate of this disease.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characteristics of Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinical Trials Group: The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Tedaldi ◽  
Katherine Huppler Hullsiek ◽  
Carlos D. Malvestutto ◽  
Roberto C. Arduino ◽  
Evelyn J. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Community Programs ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Natural History of Intestinal Microsporidiosis among Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 3421-3422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Dascomb ◽  
Rebecca Clark ◽  
Judith Aberg ◽  
Joseph Pulvirenti ◽  
Ross G. Hewitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Protease Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Persistent Diarrhea ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Weight Loss Predictors ◽  
Intestinal Microsporidiosis

A chart review of 73 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with enteric microsporidiosis was conducted to define the natural history of microsporidiosis. A substantial proportion of patients remained symptomatic after 6 months (54.8% with persistent diarrhea and 51.2% with weight loss). Predictors for persistent diarrhea included high HIV RNA viral load and no initiation of protease inhibitor therapy.

scholarly journals A Computer Based System for Evaluating the Risk of Contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Simple Evaluation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) remain global pandemics. The 2020 statistics released in 2021 showed that about 37.6 million people globally are living with HIV; 1.5 million people became newly infected in 2020 and 690,000 people died from AIDS related cases the same year. A literature search revealed that more than 1.6 million Nigerians have died of HIV/AIDS since the outbreak of the epidemic in 1985 while millions of Nigerians are living with HIV as of today. Certain factors have contributed to this alarming statistic. One of such is the unwillingness by most persons to undertake an HIV test due to the fear of stigmatization. A simple system that can be of help in evaluating a person’s risk of contracting HIV without stigmatization is developed in this work. The system takes into account some behavioural factors, signs and symptoms that suggest a person may be at risk of having or be prone to HIV and thus makes a prediction of the risk status based on the input supplied. A simple framework was developed with input from medical practitioners based on their wealth of experience. The input was used to derive twenty two (22) questions centered on behavioural factors, signs and symptoms which were designed to be answered by the users during interaction with the system. A simple evaluation takes place using the user’s inputs and a predefined set of rules to classify the risk value as one of (Very High, High, Moderate, Low and Not at Risk) with appropriate advice. The system was implemented in Visual Studio Environment using Visual Basic.Net. It is expected that after using the system, users will be encouraged to go for tests where it is recommended. However, it to be noted that this system does not confirm HIV status as only a blood test can do that

scholarly journals TESTING A SUBTYPE-SPECIFIC GP41 AMPLIFICATION METHOD FOR GENOTYPING INDIVIDUALS INFECTED BY HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE-1 IN THE BRAZILIAN POPULATION OF ITAJAÍ, SOUTH BRAZIL

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liã Bárbara Arruda ◽  
Laura I. Weber ◽  
Marisa dos Santos ◽  
Edson M. Kawakubo ◽  
Ana Maria B. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Reference Sequences ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
South Brazil

The method used by YAGYU et al. for the subtype-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the gp41 transmembrane region of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) env gene, was tested. HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 infected individuals in Itajaí, South Brazil was used to analyze this method. Seventy individuals were determined according to this method as having PCR products at the expected size for subtypes B, C, D and F. Of these individuals, 26 (37.1%) were observed as having the expected amplification for subtype C, and 42 (60%) were observed as having the expected products for subtypes B and D. Of the subtype B and D amplicons, 16 (22.9%) were classified as subtype D, and 26 (37.1%) were classified as subtype B. Two individuals (2.9%) had amplicons that were observed after subtype F-specific amplification was performed. Sequencing and comparing the patient sequences to reference sequences confirmed the classification of sequences of subtypes C and B. However, sequences that were falsely determined as being D and F in the PCR assay were determined as being subtypes C and B, respectively, by sequence analysis. For those individuals from whom no amplified products were obtained, a low viral load that was indicated in their patient history may explain the difficulty in subtyping by PCR methods. This issue was demonstrated by the results of ANOVA when testing the effect of viral load on the success of PCR amplification. The alignment of the obtained sequences with HIV-1 reference sequences demonstrated that there is high intra-subtype diversity. This indicates that the subtype-specific primer binding sites were not conserved or representative of the subtypes that are observed in the Brazilian populations, and that they did not allow the correct classification of HIV-1 subtypes. Therefore, the proposed method by YAGYU et al. is not applicable for the classification of Brazilian HIV-1 subtypes.

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