scholarly journals Automatic language and information processing: rethinking evaluation

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN SPARCK JONES
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
System Evaluation ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Human Participant ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results

System evaluation has mattered since research on automatic language and information processing began. However, the (D)ARPA conferences have raised the stakes substantially in requiring and delivering systematic evaluations and in sustaining these through long term programmes; and it has been claimed that this has both significantly raised task performance, as defined by appropriate effectiveness measures, and promoted relevant engineering development. These controlled laboratory evaluations have made very strong assumptions about the task context. The paper examines these assumptions for six task areas, considers their impact on evaluation and performance results, and argues that for current tasks of interest, e.g. summarising, it is now essential to play down the present narrowly-defined performance measures in order to address the task context, and specifically the role of the human participant in the task, so that new measures, of larger value, can be developed and applied.

The Relation Between Financial Incentives, Motivation, and Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Thibault Landry ◽  
Marylène Gagné ◽  
Jacques Forest ◽  
Sylvie Guerrero ◽  
Michel Séguin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Compensation Plans ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results

Abstract. To this day, researchers are debating the adequacy of using financial incentives to bolster performance in work settings. Our goal was to contribute to current understanding by considering the moderating role of distributive justice in the relation between financial incentives, motivation, and performance. Based on self-determination theory, we hypothesized that when bonuses are fairly distributed, using financial incentives makes employees feel more competent and autonomous, which in turn fosters greater autonomous motivation and lower controlled motivation, and better work performance. Results from path analyses in three samples supported our hypotheses, suggesting that the effect of financial incentives is contextual, and that compensation plans using financial incentives and bonuses can be effective when properly managed.

scholarly journals Expectancy of Stress-Reducing Aromatherapy Effect and Performance on a Stress-Sensitive Cognitive Task

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Chamine ◽  
Barry S. Oken
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
N200 Amplitude ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
And Performance

Objective. Stress-reducing therapies help maintain cognitive performance during stress. Aromatherapy is popular for stress reduction, but its effectiveness and mechanism are unclear. This study examined stress-reducing effects of aromatherapy on cognitive function using the go/no-go (GNG) task performance and event related potentials (ERP) components sensitive to stress. The study also assessed the importance of expectancy in aromatherapy actions.Methods. 81 adults were randomized to 3 aroma groups (active experimental, detectable, and undetectable placebo) and 2 prime subgroups (prime suggesting stress-reducing aroma effects or no-prime). GNG performance, ERPs, subjective expected aroma effects, and stress ratings were assessed at baseline and poststress.Results. No specific aroma effects on stress or cognition were observed. However, regardless of experienced aroma, people receiving a prime displayed faster poststress median reaction times than those receiving no prime. A significant interaction for N200 amplitude indicated divergent ERP patterns between baseline and poststress for go and no-go stimuli depending on the prime subgroup. Furthermore, trends for beneficial prime effects were shown on poststress no-go N200/P300 latencies and N200 amplitude.Conclusion. While there were no aroma-specific effects on stress or cognition, these results highlight the role of expectancy for poststress response inhibition and attention.

Health, comfort and performance of children in classrooms – New directions for research

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1040-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philomena M. Bluyssen
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Toxic Exposure ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
New Directions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Acoustic Conditions

Children spend more time in schools than in any other place except at home. Children are more susceptible than adults to effects of toxic exposure, but also to poor acoustic conditions. It is known for some time that unsatisfactory environmental conditions, can have both short-term and long-term health effects, and can affect productivity or learning ability of the children. The underlying literature study focusses on the role of the indoor school environment on the health, comfort and performance of children in classrooms. In the last decades, many studies all over the world have been performed to document the indoor environment in classrooms and to examine relations with diseases and disorders. An inventory is made of these studies, major identified issues are discussed and ‘new’ directions of research are proposed. It is concluded that new generation research studies should be focussed on engagement of the children in an active way, preferable in semi-lab environments, and taking account of all aspects and interactions between them.

Hippocampal Theta Activity and Learning: A Reply to Douglas

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 580-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Theta Activity ◽  
Hippocampal Theta Activity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hippocampal Theta ◽  
Learning And Performance

Adey and his associates have asserted that theta electrical activity recorded from the hippocampus during learning and performance reflects the role of this structure in information processing, decision making and memory consolidation. This notion was recently questioned by Douglas (1967) who concluded that the tasks employed by Adey and his associates to assess theta activity were tasks which the lesion literature indicated do not requite hippocampal functioning to be learned. The present paper questions Douglas' assertion by describing studies in the lesion literature which demonstrate that the tasks used by Adey and his co-workers may actually require hippocampal functioning to be learned.

scholarly journals Nutra-ergonomics: influence of nutrition on physical employment standards and the health of workers

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6 (Suppl. 2)) ◽  
pp. S165-S174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Shearer ◽  
Terry E. Graham ◽  
Tina L. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Worker Safety ◽  
Work Schedule ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Workplace Productivity ◽  
Employment Standards ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Performance

The importance of ergonomics across several scientific domains, including biomechanics, psychology, sociology, and physiology, have been extensively explored. However, the role of other factors that may influence the health and productivity of workers, such as nutrition, is generally overlooked. Nutra-ergonomics describes the interface between workers, their work environment, and performance in relation to their nutritional status. It considers nutrition to be an integral part of a safe and productive workplace that encompasses physical and mental health as well as the long-term wellbeing of workers. This review explores the knowledge, awareness, and common practices of nutrition, hydration, stimulants, and fortified product use employed prior to physical employment standards testing and within the workplace. The influence of these nutra-ergonomic strategies on physical employment standards, worker safety, and performance will be examined. Further, the roles, responsibilities, and implications for the applicant, worker, and the employer will be discussed within the context of nutra-ergonomics, with reference to the provision and sustainability of an environment conducive to optimize worker health and wellbeing. Beyond physical employment standards, workplace productivity, and performance, the influence of extended or chronic desynchronization (irregular or shift work) in the work schedule on metabolism and long-term health, including risk of developing chronic and complex diseases, is discussed. Finally, practical nutra-ergonomic strategies and recommendations for the applicant, worker, and employer alike will be provided to enhance the short- and long-term safety, performance, health, and wellbeing of workers.

scholarly journals The Role of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine in the Development of Guidelines and Performance Measures

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. e130-e140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse M. Pines ◽  
Christopher Fee ◽  
Gregory J. Fermann ◽  
Anthony A. Ferroggiaro ◽  
Charlene B. Irvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals Effects of Pairing on the Relationships between Motivation and Task Performance in an Interactive Task

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. p451
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Konno ◽  
Tsutomu Koga ◽  
Atsumi Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
First Year ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Task Motivation ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Interactive Task ◽  
And Performance ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Pair Work

This study investigates how learners’ own motivational variables are related to task performance and how learners’ task performance is influenced by their partners’ motivational variables in an interactive task. A total of 28 Japanese first year university students engaged in a computer mediated, decision making task, and the number of words produced and turns taken during the task was counted as their task performance. Questionnaires were administered to measure eight motivational dispositions related to the task. Correlation analyses were used to examine the relationships between task motivation and performance. The results showed that (a) learners’ task motivation was positively correlated with task performance, suggesting a positive role of task motivation in performing a task and (b) learners’ task performance was negatively correlated with the interlocutors’ task motivation, except for the highly motivated pairs, which implied limited effects of pair work. This study finally provides some pedagogical and future implications.

scholarly journals Value-based management and corporate governance: A study of Serbian corporations

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (193) ◽  
pp. 93-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Predrag Stancic ◽  
Miroslav Todorovic ◽  
Milan Cupic
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
Value Based Management ◽  
Corporate Objective ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
And Performance

The aim of this paper is to determine the place and role of corporate governance and performance measures in the efforts of managers to maximize shareholder value, and the attitude of Serbian corporations toward these issues. The paper first analyses the importance of corporate governance and performance measures in the context of value-based management. Then, through the multiple case study, we investigate the attitude of seven Serbian corporations toward defining the general corporate objective, corporate governance, and performance measurement. Finally, we point out the factors and preconditions that determine corporate culture, objective definition, and performance measures used by Serbian corporations.

scholarly journals The role of human factor and HRM practices in Mncs’ performance in Eastern and Western Europe – a comparative analysis of the research findings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Stor ◽  
Łukasz Haromszeki
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Competitive Factor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe

The main goal of the paper is to identify, analyze, and compare the relationships between the activities in the field of HRM and performance results of MNCs in Eastern and Western Europe with a view to the value ascribed to human resources as a strategic competitive factor, HRM centralization practices and the importance of HRM knowledge flows between the headquarters (HQ) and their subsidiaries. The research sample covered 200 HQs of MNCs and their local subsidiaries. The empirical research results show that there are some identifiable and statistically significant differences between MNCs operating in Eastern and Western Europe within the range of relationships defined above. Our study, therefore,represents an original effort at examining these relationships.

The Arousal-Performance Relationship: Task Characteristics and Performance Measures in Track and Field Athletics

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Ebbeck ◽  
Maureen R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Maximal Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Relationship

Two issues regarding the arousal-performance relationship in sport were addressed in this study: the relationship between task complexity, optimal arousal, and maximal performance, and the appropriateness of using various measures of performance. Data were collected from high school athletes (n=51) across four track and field meets. State anxiety was obtained prior to each performance and three performance measures were obtained (event results, and quality of performance evaluated by the athlete and by the coach). Results indicated that the three performance measures were not equally related to A-state, suggesting that the relationship between arousal and performance results in a different description depending upon the performance measure that is used. Furthermore, degree of task complexity could not be distinguished across various track and field events. When individual events were used to examine the arousal-performance/task complexity relationship, results revealed that level of A-state needed for maximal performance could not be differentiated for specific events, nor could it be determined for above average, average, or below average performances on any one event.

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