SCHOOL DESEGREGATION AND THE PIPELINE OF PRIVILEGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Pettigrew
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Court Ruling ◽  
Supreme Court Ruling ◽  
High Court ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Substantial Rise

Abstract The struggle to end racial segregation in America’s public schools has been long and arduous. It was ostensibly won in the 1954 Brown v. Tulsa Board of Education Supreme Court ruling. But racist resistance has been intense. Years later, extensive school segregation remains for Black children. The High Court has essentially overturned Brown without explicitly saying so. This paper assesses the effects of educational desegregation that has managed to occur. Discussion concerning the results of desegregation has revolved around test scores and the difficulties involved with “busing,” but the principal positive effect is often overlooked: namely, that the substantial rise of the Black-American middle class in the last half-century has been importantly enhanced by school desegregation. This paper reviews the educational backgrounds of eighteen Black Americans who have risen to the highest status positions in American politics and business in recent decades. They represent the desegregated Black cohort who succeeded because desegregation enabled them to break into the nation’s deeply established pipeline of privilege.

Civil Rights and the Private School Movement in Mississippi, 1964–1971

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Fuquay
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Private School ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
Massive Resistance ◽  
Housing Discrimination ◽  
Civil Rights Act

The signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was heralded as a tremendous victory for the civil rights movement, the fulfillment of a decade-long struggle to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Along with measures against job and housing discrimination, the Civil Rights Act included provisions specifically designed to overcome the white South's massive resistance campaign and enforce school desegregation. Despite the continued intransigence of segregationists, these measures proved successful and white public schools across the South opened their doors to black children. With segregationists in retreat and the Voting Rights Act on the horizon, this was a time of celebration for civil rights activists. But this was not the end of the story.

“We Can't Let Chicago Outdo Us, Can We?” Sex Education and Desegregation in New York City's Public Schools

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Conklin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
School Board ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Biology Students ◽  
Pregnant Students ◽  
Racial Desegregation ◽  
The 1960S

Faced with demands for racial desegregation of its public schools, and grasping at half measures to appear responsive, New York City's Board of Education took action in 1967 by ending medical discharges for unwed pregnant students and authorizing the curriculum “Family Living, Including Sex Education.” Approving sex education in part to avoid action on school desegregation, Gotham's school board relied on a resolution written by a parent advocacy group in 1939—a resolution the 1939 school board had rejected following months of debate on the merits of providing instruction on mammalian reproduction for junior high biology students. By the time the Board of Education revisited the issue of sex education in the 1960s, popular understanding of sexuality and sex education had changed considerably. Yet the resolution supporting sex education, submitted by the city's United Parents' Associations (UPA), had not changed at all.

The Daily Work of Doing Brown

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Natalie G. Adams ◽  
James H. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
School District ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Arduous Task ◽  
Desegregated Schools

This introductory chapter provides an overview of school desegregation in Mississippi. After the Alexander v. Holmes Board of Education ruling on October 29, 1969, thirty Mississippi school districts were ordered to open as desegregated schools after the Christmas break. Left to deal with the hundreds of decisions that had to be made to reopen as fully operational desegregated schools were the principals, teachers, and other school personnel employed by their local public schools. Because every school district had to create its own desegregation plan, the particularities of school desegregation varied greatly. Thus, no singular narrative can adequately capture the complexities of school desegregation, and no one explanation can account for its success or failure. This book then focuses on the arduous task left to local Mississippians in implementing school desegregation in their local communities.

Second-Class Integration: A Historical Perspective for a Contemporary Agenda

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Siddle Walker
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Equity ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Black Educators ◽  
Southern States ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Education Decision

In this essay, Vanessa Siddle Walker invokes the voices of black educators who challenged the diluted and failed vision for an integrated South after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision mandating school desegregation. Through collaboration and activism, these educators fought against the second-class integration implemented in the southern states and instead advocated for true equality and empowerment for black children entering integrated schools. Walker demonstrates that these educators' critiques are strikingly applicable to the present U.S. educational system,as they highlight our country's failure to provide educational equity despite decades of debate about its necessity and reforms to address the injustices. She advises President Obama's administration to incorporate these original visions of black educators in efforts to craft and advance a new vision for integration and racial equality in schools.

scholarly journals Brown v. Board of Education: Reliving and Learning From Our Racial History

2004 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Bell
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Racial History

In the midst of a fierce battle, soldiers, fighting in what they consider a great cause, seek encouragement in their struggles. They do not welcome criticism and reject out-of-hand even well-intended warnings that their cause is doomed to failure. By 1970, there had been many court battles, but finally school desegregation advocates were beginning to make some advances in their efforts to gain implementation of the Supreme Court’s decision invalidating racial segregation in the public schools.

scholarly journals SANKSI HUKUM BAGI PENGURUS YANG MENGHALANGI PROSES PEMBERESAN KEKAYAAN YAYASAN YANG DIBUBARKAN BERDASARKAN PUTUSAN PENGADILAN (STUDI KASUS PEMBUBARAN YAYASAN BHAKTI SOSIAL SURAKARTA BERDASARKAN PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 625 K/Pdt/2012)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1112
Author(s):  
Jeanet Trifena Lewi ◽  
Gunawan Djajaputra
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
District Court ◽  
Court Ruling ◽  
Supreme Court Ruling ◽  
High Court

This study examines the fact that a foundation as a social institution can be dissolved by the causes as regulated by the Foundation Law, as happened to Yayasan Bhakti Sosial Surakarta which was dissolved by the decision of Surakarta District Court No. 141 / Pdt G / 2010 / PN Ska which has been upheld by the decision of the High Court of Semarang No. 233 / Pdt / 2011 / PT Smg and Supreme Court ruling Number 625 K / Pdt / 2012. Problems in this research is that there has been an act of disagreement by the Board of Bhakti Social Foundation of Surakarta against the liquidator in the socialization of the Bhakti Social Foundation of Surakarta. Based on the results of research and discussion it can be concluded that basically the nature of the decision dissolving the Bhakti Social Foundation based on the Supreme Court's decision Number 625 K / Pdt / 2012 is a declarative decision (declaratoir) a verdict that does not require any execution action. Law Number 16 Year 2001 jo. Law Number 28 Year 2004 About the Foundation does not clearly regulate the confiscation of the Foundation's wealth including sanctions to the board of the Foundation that take action against the work of the liquidator.

The “Intact Busing” Program in 1960s St. Louis Public Schools District

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 908-924
Author(s):  
Claude Weathersby ◽  
Yolanda Weathersby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Public School ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Board Of Education

Public school desegregation in the United States has come to be characterized and defined by the busing of schoolchildren, which is an activity that has been widely resisted and opposed by the white populace. In the St. Louis Public Schools district, the St. Louis Board of Education and its school administrators utilized its “intact busing” program not to achieve public school desegregation but to perpetuate de facto segregation in the classrooms of its elementary schools.

Divided by Law: The Sit-ins and the Role of the Courts in the Civil Rights Movement

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Court Ruling ◽  
Supreme Court Ruling ◽  
Civil Rights Organizations ◽  
Student Control

A central goal of the lunch counter sit-ins of 1960, the protests that launched the direct-action phase of the Civil Rights Movement, was to give new meaning to the very idea of “civil rights.” To the students who took part in the protests, civil rights work entailed litigation and lobbying. It required relying on the older generation of civil rights activists and working through established civil rights organizations. It meant surrendering student control over the demonstrations. And, as the great unrealized promise of the then 6-year-old Supreme Court ruling inBrown v. Board of Educationmade painfully clear, it meant patience. For the thousands of students who joined the sit-in movement, reliance on their elders, litigation, and patience—the stuff of civil rights, traditionally understood—was precisely what they wanted to avoid.

Brown v. Board of Education and the Development of Special Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Mitchell Yell
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

May 2020 was the 66th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. In this case, perhaps the most important ruling of the 20th century, the Supreme Court ruled that the racial segregation of Black children in public schools was unconstitutional. In addition, the ruling in Brown v. Board had a profound effect on the education of children with disabilities. The purpose of this column is to examine the Supreme Court’s ruling and to explore the impact of the rulings on students with disabilities.

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