Carbon Dioxide in Bottled Carbonated Waters and Subsequent Bubble Nucleation under Standard Tasting Condition

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (16) ◽  
pp. 4560-4567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Liger-Belair
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Bubble Nucleation

Experimental Study on Bubble Nucleation in the Oscillating Pressure Field

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hijikata ◽  
Y. Mori ◽  
T. Nagatani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Characteristic Time ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Pressure Oscillation ◽  
Oscillation Period ◽  
Bubble Nucleation ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Superheat Limit

In bubble nucleation under the oscillating pressure field, when the oscillation period τ is of the same order of magnitude as the characteristic time τn of bubble nucleation, it is expected that the distribution of radius of bubble embryo in liquid will be largely affected by the pressure oscillation and the degree of superheat limit may change. In order to clarify this point, superheat limits of homogeneous nucleation under the oscillating pressure field generated by ultrasonic oscillators are measured for propane with and without dissolved carbon dioxide by the floating droplet method. From the experimental results it is found that when τ > τn the measured superheat limit agrees with that calculated by the conventional theory where the quasi-steady state is assumed, but the bubble nucleation occurs at temperature lower than that preducted by the theory when τ nearly equals τn. It is also found that the characteristic time of bubble nucleation is changed by the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

Cell characteristics of epoxy resin foamed by step temperature-rising process using supercritical carbon dioxide as blowing agent

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxun Lyu ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Zhenhao Xi ◽  
Ling Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Bubble Nucleation ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Curing Reaction ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

A temperature-rising batch foaming process with supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) as blowing agent was used to prepare epoxy resin foams consisting of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and m-xylylenediamine. The dissolution and diffusion behaviors of CO2 in pre-cured epoxy resin were investigated, as well as the parameter effect of CO2 saturation step and foaming step on the cell characteristics. It was proved that closed-cells could be generated for CO2 unsaturated samples and the cell characteristics with the same dissolved CO2 concentration were similar. The merged and cracked bubble morphologies were usually obtained for CO2-saturated epoxy resin samples. With increasing CO2 concentration from 0.021 g CO2/g epoxy resin to 0.061 g CO2/g epoxy resin in the unsaturated samples, the cell size increased from 170.2 µm to 262.6 µm and the cell density decreased from 6.8 × 105/cm3 to 3.1 × 105/cm3. Bubble nucleation and growth occurred simultaneously with curing reaction in temperature-rising step. As the final foaming temperature increased from 60℃ to 120℃, the cell size of samples with dissolved CO2 concentration of 0.021 g CO2/g epoxy resin increased from 172.7 µm to 369.0 µm, while the cell density first increased from 6.8 to 7.3 and then decreased to 3.5. The cell size of samples with CO2 concentration of 0.031 g CO2/g epoxy resin increased from 145.3 µm to 180.5 µm with foaming time from 5 min to 20 min, but changed slightly when curing reaction almost finished and CO2 was depleted after 20 min.

Temperature Dependence of Bubble Nucleation Limits for Aqueous Solutions of Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

1999 ◽  
Vol 215 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G Bowers ◽  
Christine Hofstetter ◽  
Helen Le Ngo ◽  
Richard T Toomey
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Bubble Nucleation

Production of Microcellular Polycarbonate Using Carbon Dioxide for Bubble Nucleation

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kumar ◽  
J. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Glass Transition Temperature ◽  
Bubble Nucleation ◽  
Nucleation Theory ◽  
Classical Nucleation Theory ◽  
Homogeneous Microstructure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nucleation Phenomenon

A process to produce a family of novel materials from polycarbonate, having a microcellular structure, is described. The process utilizes the high solubility of carbon dioxide in polycarbonate to nucleate a very large number of bubbles, on the order of 1 to 10 × 109 bubbles/cm3, at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature of the original, unsaturated polycarbonate. Microcellular polycarbonate foams with homogeneous microstructure and a wide range of densities have been produced. In this paper experimental results on solubility, bubble nucleation, and bubble growth in the polycarbonate-carbon dioxide system are presented, and the critical ranges of the key process parameters are established. It is shown that the bubble nucleation phenomenon in polycarbonate near the glass transition temperature is not described by classical nucleation theory.

Electron Cytochemical Study of Carbon Dioxide Laser Effect on Rhesus Monkey Cornea

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
K. C. Tsou ◽  
J. Morris ◽  
P. Shawaluk ◽  
B. Stuck ◽  
E. Beatrice
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Laser Effect

While much is known regarding the effect of lasers on the retina, little study has been done on the effect of lasers on cornea, because of the limitation of the size of the material. Using a combination of electron microscope and several newly developed cytochemical methods, the effect of laser can now be studied on eye for the purpose of correlating functional and morphological damage. The present paper illustrates such study with CO2 laser on Rhesus monkey.

The Critical Point Drying Method Applied to Scanning Electron Microscopy of L-929 Cells

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
Charles TurnbiLL ◽  
Delbert E. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scanning Electron

The advent of the scanning electron microscope (SCEM) has renewed interest in preparing specimens by avoiding the forces of surface tension. The present method of freeze drying by Boyde and Barger (1969) and Small and Marszalek (1969) does prevent surface tension but ice crystal formation and time required for pumping out the specimen to dryness has discouraged us. We believe an attractive alternative to freeze drying is the critical point method originated by Anderson (1951; for electron microscopy. He avoided surface tension effects during drying by first exchanging the specimen water with alcohol, amy L acetate and then with carbon dioxide. He then selected a specific temperature (36.5°C) and pressure (72 Atm.) at which carbon dioxide would pass from the liquid to the gaseous phase without the effect of surface tension This combination of temperature and, pressure is known as the "critical point" of the Liquid.

A global perspective of ground level, 'ambient' carbon dioxide for assessing the response of plants to atmospheric CO2

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Ziska ◽  
O. Ghannoum ◽  
J. T. Baker ◽  
J. Conroy ◽  
J. A. Bunce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Atmospheric Co2
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