Salt Stress-Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes and MATE Transporter Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation in Daucus carota Cell Culture

The anthocyanin biosynthesis attracts strong interest due to the potential antioxidant value and as an important morphological marker. However, the underlying mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in plant tissues is not clearly understood. Here, a rice mutant with a purple color in the leaf blade, named pl6, was developed from wild type (WT), Zhenong 41, with gamma ray treatment. By map-based cloning, the OsPL6 gene was located on the short arm of chromosome 6. The multiple mutations, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at −702, −598, −450, an insertion at −119 in the promoter, three SNPs and one 6-bp deletion in the 5′-UTR region, were identified, which could upregulate the expression of OsPL6 to accumulate anthocyanin. Subsequently, the transcript level of structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, including OsCHS, OsPAL, OsF3H and OsF3′H, was elevated significantly. Histological analysis revealed that the light attenuation feature of anthocyanin has degraded the grana and stroma thylakoids, which resulted in poor photosynthetic efficiency of purple leaves. Despite this, the photoabatement and antioxidative activity of anthocyanin have better equipped the pl6 mutant to minimize the oxidative damage. Moreover, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokanin (CK) were elevated along with anthocyanin accumulation in the pl6 mutant. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that activation of OsPL6 could be responsible for the purple coloration in leaves by accumulating excessive anthocyanin and further reveal that anthocyanin acts as a strong antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus play an important role in tissue maintenance.

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Anthocyanin accumulation and PAL activity in a suspension culture of Daucus carota L.

Planta ◽

10.1007/bf00384567 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 149 (3) ◽

pp. 283-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Wolfgang No� ◽

Christian Langebartels ◽

Hanns Ulrich Seitz

Keyword(s):

Suspension Culture ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Pal Activity

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SlBBX20 interacts with the COP9 signalosome subunit SlCSN5-2 to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by activating SlDFR expression in tomato

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-021-00595-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dan Luo ◽

Cheng Xiong ◽

Aihua Lin ◽

Chunli Zhang ◽

Wenhui Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulation ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Plant Stress ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽

Cop9 Signalosome ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Related Transcription Factor ◽

Hybrid Screening

AbstractAnthocyanins play vital roles in plant stress tolerance and growth regulation. Previously, we reported that the photomorphogenesis-related transcription factor SlBBX20 regulates anthocyanin accumulation in tomato. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we showed that SlBBX20 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding the promoter of the anthocyanin biosynthesis gene SlDFR, suggesting that SlBBX20 directly activates anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, we found by yeast two-hybrid screening that SlBBX20 interacts with the COP9 signalosome subunit SlCSN5-2, and the interaction was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays. SlCSN5 gene silencing led to anthocyanin hyperaccumulation in the transgenic tomato calli and shoots, and SlCSN5-2 overexpression decreased anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting thSlCSN5-2 enhanced the ubiquitination of SlBBX20 and promoted the degradation of SlBBX20 in vivo. Consistently, silencing the SlCSN5-2 homolog in tobacco significantly increased the accumulation of the SlBBX20 protein. Since SlBBX20 is a vital regulator of photomorphogenesis, the SlBBX20-SlCSN5-2 module may represent a novel regulatory pathway in light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis.

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Dynamic Changes of the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Mechanism During the Development of Heading Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) and Arabidopsis Under the Control of BrMYB2

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.593766 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Qiong He ◽

Qianqian Lu ◽

Yuting He ◽

Yaxiu Wang ◽

Ninan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Cabbage ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Head Development ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Heading Chinese Cabbage ◽

Upregulated Genes

Chinese cabbage is an important vegetable mainly planted in Asian countries, and mining the molecular mechanism responsible for purple coloration in Brassica crops is fast becoming a research hotspot. In particular, the anthocyanin accumulation characteristic of purple heading Chinese cabbage, along with the plant’s growth and head developing, is still largely unknown. To elucidate the dynamic anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism of Chinese cabbage during its development processes, here we investigated the expression profiles of 86 anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and corresponding anthocyanin accumulation characteristics of plants as they grew and their heads developed, between purple heading Chinese cabbage 11S91 and its breeding parents. Anthocyanin accumulation of 11S91 increased from the early head formation period onward, whereas the purple trait donor 95T2-5 constantly accumulated anthocyanin throughout its whole plant development. Increasing expression levels of BrMYB2 and BrTT8 together with the downregulation of BrMYBL2.1, BrMYBL2.2, and BrLBD39.1 occurred in both 11S91 and 95T2-5 plants during their growth, accompanied by the significantly continuous upregulation of a phenylpropanoid metabolic gene, BrPAL3.1; a series of early biosynthesis genes, such as BrCHSs, BrCHIs, BrF3Hs, and BrF3’H; as well as some key late biosynthesis genes, such as BrDFR1, BrANS1, BrUF3GT2, BrUF5GT, Br5MAT, and Brp-Cout; in addition to the transport genes BrGST1 and BrGST2. Dynamic expression profiles of these upregulated genes correlated well with the total anthocyanin contents during the processes of plant growth and leaf head development, and results supported by similar evidence for structural genes were also found in the BrMYB2 transgenic Arabidopsis. After intersubspecific hybridization breeding, the purple interior heading leaves of 11S91 inherited the partial purple phenotypes from 95T2-5 while the phenotypes of seedlings and heads were mainly acquired from white 94S17; comparatively in expression patterns of investigated anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, cotyledons of 11S91 might inherit the majority of genetic information from the white type parent, whereas the growth seedlings and developing heading tissues of 11S91 featured expression patterns of these genes more similar to 95T2-5. This comprehensive set of results provides new evidence for a better understanding of the anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism and future breeding of new purple Brassica vegetables.

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Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Integrated Analysis of Acer mandshuricum to Reveal Candidate Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-796758/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shikai Zhang ◽

Wang Zhan ◽

Anran Sun ◽

Ying Xie ◽

Zhiming Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regulatory Mechanism ◽

Color Change ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Structural Genes ◽

Leaf Color ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

Color Formation ◽

Red Color

Abstract The red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in leaf color change periods in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin bio-synthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

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The Isolation and Identification of Anthocyanin-Related GSTs in Chrysanthemum

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7080231 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Yajing Li ◽

Xiaofen Liu ◽

Fang Li ◽

Lili Xiang ◽

Kunsong Chen

Keyword(s):

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Vital Role ◽

Luciferase Assay ◽

Amino Acid Residues ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Specific Amino Acid ◽

Protein Sequence Alignment ◽

Glutathione S Transferases ◽

Transient Overexpression

Anthocyanin is the crucial pigment for the coloration of red chrysanthemum flowers, which synthesizes in the cytosol and is transported to the vacuole for stable storage. In general, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a vital role in this transport. To date, there is no functional GST reported in chrysanthemums. Here, a total of 94 CmGSTs were isolated from the chrysanthemum genome, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that 16 members of them were clustered into the Phi subgroup which was related to anthocyanin transport. Among them, the expression of CmGST1 was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. Protein sequence alignment revealed that CmGST1 included anthocyanin-related GST-specific amino acid residues. Further transient overexpression experiments in tobacco leaves showed that CmGST1 could promote anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, a dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that CmGST1 could be regulated by CmMYB6, CmbHLH2 and CmMYB#7, which was reported to be related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Taken together, we suggested that CmGST1 played a key role in anthocyanin transport and accumulation in chrysanthemums.

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Nighttime Temperatures and Sunlight Intensities Interact to Influence Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Photooxidative Sunburn in “Fuji” Apple

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.694954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaomin Xue ◽

Ying Duan ◽

Jinzheng Wang ◽

Fengwang Ma ◽

Pengmin Li

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

High Light ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Low Light ◽

Low Light Intensity ◽

Apple Peel ◽

Fuji Apple ◽

Nighttime Temperatures

Light and low temperatures induce anthocyanin accumulation, but intense sunlight causes photooxidative sunburn. Nonetheless, there have been few studies of anthocyanin synthesis under different sunlight intensities and low nighttime temperatures. Here, low nighttime temperatures followed by low light intensity were associated with greater anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in “Fuji” apple peel. UDP-glucose flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) activity was positively associated with anthocyanin enrichment. Ascorbic acid can be used as an electron donor of APX to scavenge H2O2 in plants, which makes it play an important role in oxidative defense. Exogenous ascorbate altered the anthocyanin accumulation and reduced the occurrence of high light–induced photooxidative sunburn by removing hydrogen peroxide from the peel. Overall, low light intensity was beneficial for the accumulation of anthocyanin and did not cause photooxidative sunburn, whereas natural light had the opposite effect on the apple peel at low nighttime temperatures. This study provides an insight into the mechanisms by which low temperatures induce apple coloration and high light intensity causes photooxidative sunburn.

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MYB44 competitively inhibits the formation of the MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56 complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potato

10.21203/rs.2.23574/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zeng-Zheng Wei ◽

Kang-Di Hu ◽

Dong-Lan Zhao ◽

Jun Tang ◽

Zhong-Qin Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Regulatory Network ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression System ◽

Firefly Luciferase ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Tuberous Roots ◽

Regulatory Complex ◽

Transcriptional Complex ◽

Insight Into

Abstract Background: Anthocyanins, which have important biological functions and have a beneficial effect on human health, notably account for pigmentation in purple-fleshed sweet potato tuberous roots. Individual regulatory factors of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified; however, the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potato is unclear. Results: We functionally determined that IbMYB340 cotransformed with IbbHLH2 in tobacco and strawberry receptacles induced anthocyanin accumulation, and the addition of IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b caused increased pigmentation. Furthermore, we confirmed the interaction of IbMYB340 with IbbHLH2 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b via yeast two-hybrid and firefly luciferase complementation assays; these proteins could form a MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56a or MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56b transcriptional complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to the IbANS promoter rather than the IbUFGT promoter. Furthermore, it was found by a transient expression system in tobacco leaves that IbMYB44 could decrease anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the interaction of IbMYB44 with IbMYB340 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b was verified. This result suggested that IbMYB44 acts as a repressor of anthocyanin in sweet potato.Conclusions: The repressor IbMYB44 affected anthocyanin biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting the IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56a or IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56b regulatory complex formation. Overall, the present study proposed a novel regulatory network whereby several vital TFs play key roles in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, and it provides strong insight into the potential mechanism underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet potato tuberous roots with purple color.

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