Two steps forward and one step backward: The law and psychology movement(s) in the 20th century.

Abstract. The Law Dome site is ideal for the evaluation of sea ice proxies due to its location near to the Antarctic coast, regular and high accumulation throughout the year, an absence of surface melting or remobilization, and minimal multiyear sea ice. We present records of bromine and iodine concentrations and their enrichment beyond seawater compositions, arguing that halogen enrichment is indicative of the local sea ice area, particularly the 90–110° E sector of the Wilkes coast. Our findings support the results of previous studies of sea ice variability from Law Dome, indicating that Wilkes coast sea ice area is currently at its lowest level since the start of the 20th century. From the Law Dome DSS1213 firn core, 26 years of monthly deposition data indicate that the period of peak bromine enrichment is during Austral spring-summer, from November to February. Results from a traverse along the lee (Western) side of Law Dome show low levels of sodium and bromine deposition, with the greatest fluxes in the vicinity of the Law Dome summit. Finally, iodine enrichment is well correlated to that of bromine, indicating a common, sea ice source for their enrichment.

Download Full-text

State, Policy and Gender at the Workplace in India: A Comparison Over Time

HISTOREIN ◽

10.12681/historein.18648 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manjapra Variathe Shobhana Warrier

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

20Th Century ◽

Large Scale ◽

Labour Force ◽

Fish Processing ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Colonial India ◽

Maternity Benefits ◽

The Law ◽

And Gender

This article seeks to compare the effect of gendered perceptions of labour on women’s presence in the workforce in early 20th-century colonial India, as nascent industry sprang up in several parts of the country, and towards the end of the 20th century. We compare the entry and exit of women workers in the mill industry of South India in the first half of the 20th century with the informalisation of labour in the fish processing industry, whose workforce was predominantly women, in the 1990s. The regulation of women’s work by means of protective laws that sheltered them from “hazardous” work and mandated benefits such as creches at the workplace and maternity benefits conditioned women’s employment in multiple ways, ranging from how they were resented and mistreated by male workers and how organised unions debated and finally championed equal wages for equal work to how women got excluded altogether. After independence, protective laws and regulations grew in number and women’s participation in the labour force steadily came down. One way to cross the hurdle to women’s large-scale employment raised by protective legislation is to employ women on informal terms. This means walking the thin line, on the part of employers, between observing the law on contract workers and their benefits in letter and complying with the law in spirit. The fish processing industry that came up along the Indian coastline is a good example of informality at the workplace mediated by gender. Differences in gender perceptions across India’s culturally varied regions explains why most workers in the fish processing industry hail from one single state, Kerala.

Download Full-text

Criminal Sanctions for Legal Entities in the Law of the Republic of Serbia

Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН ◽

10.7251/gfp2010078j ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Dragan Jovašević

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Criminal Liability ◽

The State ◽

International Standards ◽

Security Measures ◽

Criminal Sanctions ◽

Criminal Offenses ◽

Legal Nature ◽

The Law ◽

The Republic

In 2008, the Republic of Serbia adopted a special Law on Liability of Legal Persons for Criminal Offenses. In doing so, on the basis of the international standards contained in the relevant international documents, it joined a large number of countries that introduced criminal liability of legal persons for crimes committed in addition to their responsible persons at the end of the 20th century. For legal persons, the law prescribed a disparate system of criminal sanctions in response to the state-society’s response to such unlawful and punishable conduct. The system of criminal sanctions in the law of the Republic of Serbia includes: penalties, probation and security measures. The law defined the concept, character, legal nature, manner, procedure, pronouncement and execution of criminal sanctions, whose characteristics this particular work speaks of.

Download Full-text