Race and Social Class as Intersecting Social Categories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha L. Moore-Berg ◽  
Andrew Karpinski
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Black People ◽  
Attitude Assessment ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Attitude Measure ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
High Social Class ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

Abstract. Race and social class are inherently confounded; however, much of the literature focuses on only one of these categories at a time during attitude assessment. Across three studies, we examined the influence of race and social class on implicit and explicit attitudes. Results indicated that participants had more positive attitudes toward high social class White and high social class Black people than low social class White and low social class Black people. Attitudes for high social class White versus high social class Black people and low social class White versus low social class Black people were more nuanced and attitude/measure dependent. Thus, this research highlights the intricacy of attitudes when considering intersectional categories.

scholarly journals Why Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Liquid Foods in Environmentally Friendly Packaging? A Dual Attitudes Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Popovic ◽  
Bart A. G. Bossink ◽  
Peter C. van der Sijde ◽  
Christine Y. M. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Liquid Food ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

Considering that one of the key components of liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging is its higher price, it may not be appealing to all consumers. However, a growing body of evidence has shown that the sale of liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging is increasing. The purpose of this study was to analyze why consumers are willing to pay more for liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging. Drawing on the theory of dual attitudes by Wilson, Lindsey, and Schooler, this study proposes that consumer purchasing behavior can be explained through implicit and explicit attitudes. Moreover, a consumer’s ecoliteracy and ecofriendly lifestyle might be important predictors of consumer attitudes toward environmentally friendly packaging. Our conceptual model was tested on survey data from 11 countries, with a total of 7028 respondents. The study revealed that consumers’ willingness to pay a higher price for liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging could be predicted by their positive attitudes toward (a) the environmental friendliness of the packaging, (b) the brand of the liquid food, and (c) the affordability of the liquid food in the environmentally friendly packaging. Ecoliteracy and having an ecofriendly lifestyle were found to be important predictors of consumer attitudes toward environmentally friendly packaging. This study contributes to the literature that aims to explain consumers’ willingness to pay more for food in environmentally friendly packaging. It identifies how much more consumers are willing to pay for food in environmentally friendly packaging and why.

scholarly journals Investigating the implicit and explicit attitudes of primary school educators in Scotland towards autistic children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilidh Cage ◽  
Taylor Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Autism Knowledge ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Cognitive Attitudes

Background: Autistic children are frequently taught in mainstream schools, and it is imperative educators have appropriate knowledge and attitudes towards autism. In Scotland, policy aims for inclusion. However, there are few studies investigating Scottish educator’s knowledge and attitudes towards autism, even though these could be a barrier to inclusion.Aims: This study investigated Scottish educator’s implicit and explicit attitudes towards autistic children. We also aimed to understand the relationships between attitudes, knowledge and experience.Sample: Seventy primary school educators working in Scotland took part, with a mean age of 43. Most were female (n=64) and had on average 12 years’ experience working in schools. Methods: Participants completed a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT), to assess implicit attitudes towards autism. They also completed two explicit attitude measures (openness to autism and cognitive attitudes), and measures of autism knowledge and level of contact.Results: Overall, participants held positive attitudes in explicit and implicit measures. Some participants (24%) expressed negative implicit attitudes. There were correlations between explicit attitudes, age and years of experience, with older, more experienced staff having more negative attitudes. In regression analyses, greater autism knowledge predicted more positive explicit cognitive attitudes towards autistic children.Conclusions: These findings indicate mostly positive attitudes in this sample. Younger educators with less experience may have more positive attitudes, perhaps reflecting societal changes in perceptions of autism. Greater knowledge predicted positive attitudes, suggesting that targeting knowledge may improve attitudes. Scotland’s policies may have the potential to support the effective inclusion of autistic pupils in schools.

scholarly journals A video intervention for every straight man: The role of preattitudes and emotions in vicarious-contact effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 136843022091046
Author(s):  
Sabine Preuß ◽  
Melanie C. Steffens
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Intergroup Emotions ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
Contact Effects

Research has shown that vicarious contact can help to reduce prejudice. We tested the effect of a controlled, video-based vicarious-contact intervention on straight men’s (implicit and explicit) attitudes toward gay men. Findings of Experiment 1 ( n = 99 German participants) failed to show direct effects but were in line with the idea that negative (situation-specific) emotions mediate the intervention effect. Experiment 2 ( n = 108 U.S. participants) expanded findings: straight men with antigay preattitudes reported less negative intergroup emotions toward gay men after watching the vicarious-contact video (compared to the control condition); and less negative intergroup emotions were related to more positive attitudes toward gay men. For straight men with positive preattitudes, findings were in line with the hypothesis that positive intergroup emotions toward gay men were the relevant mediator. We discuss the moderating role of preattitudes to explain processes underlying vicarious-contact effects.

Association between Parents’ and Children’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géraldine Escriva-Boulley ◽  
Julie Boiché
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

Purpose: The present study aimed to explore the associations between parents’ physical 4 activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SED) and their explicit and implicit attitudes toward 5 these behaviors and their children’s PA and SED, and attitudes. Children’s age and parents’ 6 gender were taken into account. 7 Method: One hundred and seven dyads composed of one parent (Mage = 42.9 years) and 8 her/his child (Mage = 11.6 years) completed questionnaires assessing behaviors and explicit 9 attitudes toward PA and SED. Implicit attitudes were evaluated with an implicit association 10 test. 11 Results: Parents’ PA was positively correlated with their children’s PA, especially in children 12 (≤12 years). No significant association was noted for SED. The results showed a positive 13 correlation between mothers’ explicit attitudes and fathers’ implicit attitudes and, 14 respectively, their children’s explicit (regardless to their age) and implicit attitudes (> 12 15 years). 16 Conclusion(s): This study is the first to investigate the association between parents’ and their 17 children’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward PA and SED. The results indicate that focusing 18 on the increase of PA and the development of positive attitudes toward PA in both children 19 and parents could be an interesting mean to promote PA in interventions aiming to improve 20 families’ health.

The rich—love them or hate them? Divergent implicit and explicit attitudes toward the wealthy

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne R. Horwitz ◽  
John F. Dovidio
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Car Accident

Adding to a growing body of work on the psychology of social class, the present research examined implicit and explicit attitudes toward rich people, standing out from much previous work that has focused on negative evaluations of people with low socioeconomic status (SES). Across three studies, we found that participants (who typically identified as middle class) implicitly, but not explicitly, favored the rich over the middle class. Although financial resources represent a continuum objectively, attitudes toward the rich seem to be conceptually distinct from evaluations of low-SES people. Additionally, we demonstrated that implicit prorich attitudes uniquely predict leniency on a rich driver who causes a car accident, while explicit attitudes do not predict such judgments. This work expands and clarifies knowledge of implicit wealth attitudes and suggests that implicit prorich attitudes are an important factor in understanding how social class influences daily life.

Sport Fans: Evaluating the Consistency between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes toward Favorite and Rival Teams

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay L. Wenger ◽  
Roderick O. Brown
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Measures

Sport fans often foster very positive attitudes for their favorite teams and less favorable attitudes for opponents. The current research was designed to evaluate the consistency that might exist between implicit and explicit measures of those attitudes. College students (24 women, 16 men) performed a version of the Implicit Association Test related to their favorite and rival teams. Participants also reported their attitudes for these teams explicitly, via self-report instruments. When responding to the IAT, participants' responses were faster when they paired positive words with concepts related to favorite teams and negative words with rival teams, indicating implicit favorability for favorite teams and implicit negativity for rival teams. This pattern of implicit favorability and negativity was consistent with what participants reported explicitly via self-report. The importance of evaluating implicit attitudes and the corresponding consistency with explicit attitudes are discussed.

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