Neurocognitive dysfunction is a core feature of bipolar disorder (BD), which may be further compounded by several clinical factors, such as medications. There is growing interest on the potential impact of pharmacotherapy (lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and other) on neurocognition. This chapter summarizes a critical, descriptive update of the literature, mostly focused on human data. Based on current studies, medication-associated neurocognitive side effects cannot be clearly distinguished from those intrinsic to BD. Moreover, available research is limited by several methodological flaws. We suggest some likely profitable directions to move the field forward, as well as several recommendations to manage cognitive deficits in clinical practice. The neurocognitive impact of medications used to treat BD clearly warrants further, higher-quality research.