Supplemental Material for Cognitive Biases, Heuristics, and Logical Fallacies in Clinical Practice: A Brief Field Guide for Practicing Clinicians and Supervisors

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna M. Bowes ◽  
Rachel J. Ammirati ◽  
Thomas H. Costello ◽  
Candice Basterfield ◽  
Scott O. Lilienfeld

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Bennetts

Abstract Treatment recommendations for mental health are often founded on diagnosis-specific models; however, there are high rates of co-morbidity of mental health presentations and growing recognition of the presence of ‘transdiagnostic processes’ (cognitive, emotional or behavioural features) seen across a range of mental health presentations. This model proposes a novel conceptualisation of how transdiagnostic behaviours may maintain co-morbid mental health presentations by acting as a trigger event for the cognitive biases specific to each presentation. Drawing on existing evidence, psychological theory and the author’s clinical experience, the model organises complex presentations in a theory-driven yet accessible manner for use in clinical practice. The model offers both theoretical and clinical implications for the treatment of mental health presentations using cognitive behavioural approaches, positing that transdiagnostic behaviours be the primary treatment target in co-morbid presentations. Key learning aims (1) To understand the strengths and limitations of existing transdiagnostic CBT formulation models. (2) To learn about a novel, transdiagnostic and behaviourally focused formulation for use in clinical practice. (3) To understand how to use the tool in clinical practice and future research.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Caroline Dobler ◽  
Allison S Morrow ◽  
Celia C Kamath

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Hardy ◽  
Eva Tolmeijer ◽  
Victoria Edwards ◽  
Thomas Ward ◽  
Daniel Freeman ◽  
...  

Abstract Paranoid thoughts are common across the psychosis continuum. It is well established that reasoning biases (conceived as an overreliance on fast thinking and lack of willingness and/or ability to engage in slow thinking) contribute to paranoia. Targeted therapies have shown promise in improving reasoning in order to reduce paranoia. Psychometrically robust and easy-to-use measures of these thinking styles will assist research and clinical practice. Existing assessments include experimental tasks that are complex to administer or self-report measures that have limitations in comprehensively assessing cognitive biases in paranoia. We have developed the first questionnaire to assess fast and slow thinking biases related to paranoid thoughts, and here report on its evaluation. In study 1, we generated, evaluated, and extracted items reflecting reasoning, and assessed their reliability and validity in a non-clinical sample (n = 209). In study 2, we replicated the factor analysis and psychometric evaluation in a clinical sample (n = 265). The resultant Fast and Slow Thinking (FaST) questionnaire consists of two 5-item scales reflecting fast and slow thinking and is therefore brief and suitable for use in both research and clinical practice. The fast thinking scale is reliable and valid. Reliability and criterion validity of the slow scale shows promise. It had limited construct validity with objective reasoning assessments in the clinical group, possibly due to impaired meta-cognitive awareness of slow thinking. We recommend the FaST questionnaire as a new tool for improving understanding of reasoning biases in paranoia and supporting targeted psychological therapies.


2021 ◽  
Vol LIII (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Innokentiy A. Martynov

How and why psychoanalysts become storytellers is a two-part article by Joseph Zislin, MD published by the Neurology Bulletin in 2020. In this paper Dr. Zislin studies several quasi-psychoanalytical essays on famous fairy-tales, published by physicians and psychologists online. Surprisingly, it is from his own philological discussion of their texts which Dr. Zislin draws conclusions about therapeutic abilities of the authors, as well as about the relevance of psychoanalysis to clinical practice and social studies alike. The present text is a commentary to Dr. Zislins How and why psychoanalysts become storytellers. It studies the ways of gathering and presenting data exercised in the original paper, as well as the strategies of argumentation Dr. Zislin chooses. Although one cannot tell for sure whether the data presented were distorted on purpose or not, choosing the strategy of argumentation is always a more or less conscious decision. Some analytic tools of rhetoric allow one to demonstrate that Dr. Zislin uses argumentation unacceptable in academic writing that of deceptive reasoning, logical fallacies and sophisms. The present commentary is to highlight a problematic issue: should a practicing physician adhere to rules and norms of other disciplines, once he goes beyond the strict academic field of clinical medicine?


2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronen Avraham

The healthcare system is sick. The players are incentivized to maximize their own benefit and externalize their costs onto the other parties. This paper examines the warped incentives that underlie the system. The tort system, lacking expertise and slow to adapt, is unable to overcome cognitive biases to adequately solve the problems. Clinical practice guidelines could pose a solution, but not as they are currently developed. Guidelines promulgated by healthcare associations are infected by a web of conflicts of interest with every player in the industry. Government agencies, and their revolving doors, are underfunded and also subject to the industry's web of conflicts. Even if adequate guidelines could consistently be produced, state legislatures and courts have been unwilling and unable to substantially incorporate guidelines into the legal landscape. Lastly, this article proposes a private regulation regime that could be a solution which would align all of the players' incentives to society's interests.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Kovic

The concept of critical thinking enjoys a near-universal positive connotation. Existing defnitions of critical thinking, however, tend to be rather vague, and, as a consequence, they provide neither an accurate nor a precise understanding of critical thinking. In this paper, I propose to understand critical thinking as a metacognitive skill applicable to the evaluation of truthclaims. Critical thinking as a metacognitive skill consists of three components: Minimization of logical fallacies, minimization of cognitive biases, and a probabilistic epistemology. Understood in this manner, critical thinking can improve the quality of our inferences about the world.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Rano Mal Piryani ◽  
Suneet Piryani ◽  
Rajesh Piryani

Cognitive biases are prevalent in the clinical practice and recognized cause of medical error. Error due to cognitive biases influences decision-making process of healthcare professionals. The causes of cognitive biases are varied. Clinician must understand the causes of cognitive biases and acknowledge the biases happening in clinical practice. Awareness of potential biases may help clinician improve patients’ care and minimize medico-legal risks. Machine learning applications have been tried for the avoidance of biases occurring in health professionals’ diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making process but machine learning algorithms may also be subject to biases. Machine learning research in this aspect continues. Clinicians must learn how to minimize the cognitive biases and take pragmatic approach and follow the good decision-making rules. 


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