scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation-inducing factor by a hybrid type I fatty acid–type III polyketide synthase

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 494-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B Austin ◽  
Tamao Saito ◽  
Marianne E Bowman ◽  
Stephen Haydock ◽  
Atsushi Kato ◽  
...  
ChemBioChem ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 2711-2721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke C. Wenzel ◽  
Helge B. Bode ◽  
Irene Kochems ◽  
Rolf Müller

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (23) ◽  
pp. 8149-8155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobutaka Funa ◽  
Masanori Funabashi ◽  
Yasuo Ohnishi ◽  
Sueharu Horinouchi

ABSTRACT Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) melanins formed from tyrosine by tyrosinases are found in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Most species in the soil-dwelling, gram-positive bacterial genus Streptomyces produce DOPA melanins and melanogenesis is one of the characteristics used for taxonomy. Here we report a novel melanin biosynthetic pathway involving a type III polyketide synthase (PKS), RppA, and a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, P-450mel, in Streptomyces griseus. In vitro reconstitution of the P-450mel catalyst with spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase/ferredoxin revealed that it catalyzed oxidative biaryl coupling of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN), which was formed from five molecules of malonyl-coenzyme A by the action of RppA to yield 1,4,6,7,9,12-hexahydroxyperylene-3,10-quinone (HPQ). HPQ readily autopolymerized to generate HPQ melanin. Disruption of either the chromosomal rppA or P-450mel gene resulted in abolishment of the HPQ melanin synthesis in S. griseus and a decrease in the resistance of spores to UV-light irradiation. These findings show that THN-derived melanins are not exclusive in eukaryotic fungal genera but an analogous pathway is conserved in prokaryotic streptomycete species as well. A vivid contrast in THN melanin biosynthesis between streptomycetes and fungi is that the THN synthesized by the action of a type III PKS is used directly for condensation in the former, while the THN synthesized by the action of type I PKSs is first reduced and the resultant 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene is then condensed in the latter.


Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 673
Author(s):  
Jiang Chen ◽  
Shanwen Zhang ◽  
Yingying Chen ◽  
Xinpeng Tian ◽  
Yucheng Gu ◽  
...  

Verrucosispora sp. SCSIO 07399, a rare marine-derived actinomycete, produces a set of ansamycin-like polyketides kendomycin B–D (1–3) which possess potent antibacterial activities and moderate tumor cytotoxicity. Structurally, kendomycin B–D contain a unique aliphatic macrocyclic ansa scaffold in which the highly substituted pyran ring is connected to the quinone moiety. In this work, a type I/type III polyketide synthase (PKS) hybrid biosynthetic gene cluster coding for assembly of kendomycin B (kmy), and covering 33 open reading frames, was identified from Verrucosispora sp. SCSIO 07399. The kmy cluster was found to be essential for kendomycin B biosynthesis as verified by gene disruption and heterologous expression. Correspondingly, a biosynthetic pathway was proposed based on bioinformatics, cluster alignments, and previous research. Additionally, the role of type III PKS for generating the precursor unit 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,5-DHBA) was demonstrated by chemical complementation, and type I PKS executed the polyketide chain elongation. The kmy cluster was found to contain a positive regulatory gene kmy4 whose regulatory effect was identified using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). These advances shed important new insights into kendomycin B biosynthesis and help to set the foundation for further research aimed at understanding and exploiting the carbacylic ansa scaffold.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 753-762
Author(s):  
Delong Kan ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Pengfei Duan

AbstractStudies have shown that abundant and various flavonoids accumulate in chili pepper (Capsicum), but there are few reports on the genes that govern chili pepper flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we report the comprehensive identification of genes encoding type III polyketide synthase (PKS), an important enzyme catalyzing the generation of flavonoid backbones. In total, 13, 14 and 13 type III PKS genes were identified in each genome of C. annuum, C. chinense and C. baccatum, respectively. The phylogeny topology of Capsicum PKSs is similar to those in other plants, as it showed two classes of genes. Within each class, clades can be further identified. Class II genes likely encode chalcone synthase (CHS) as they are placed together with the Arabidopsis CHS gene, which experienced extensive expansions in the genomes of Capsicum. Interestingly, 8 of the 11 Class II genes form three clusters in the genome of C. annuum, which is likely the result of tandem duplication events. Four genes are not expressed in the tissues of C. annuum, three of which are located in the clusters, indicating that a portion of genes was pseudogenized after tandem duplications. Expression of two Class I genes was complementary to each other, and all the genes in Class II were not expressed in roots of C. annuum. Two Class II genes (CA00g90790 and CA05g17060) showed upregulated expression as the chili pepper leaves matured, and two Class II genes (CA05g17060 and CA12g20070) showed downregulated expression with the maturation of fruits, consistent with flavonoid accumulation trends in chili pepper as reported previously. The identified genes, sequences, phylogeny and expression information collected in this article lay the groundwork for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of chili pepper flavonoid metabolism.


Planta ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 229 (5) ◽  
pp. 1077-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan-Qing Ma ◽  
Yan-Wu Guo ◽  
Dong-Yao Gao ◽  
Dong-Ming Ma ◽  
You-Nian Wang ◽  
...  

Planta ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Misbah Aslam ◽  
Fazle Rabbi ◽  
Mark C. Vanderwel ◽  
Neil W. Ashton ◽  
...  

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