scholarly journals Quantitative assessment of minimal effective concentration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
X Yan ◽  
W Krzyzanski
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

Stimulus Processing during Apparent Unconsciousness in Anesthetized Volunteers

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Bonke ◽  
Jože Rupreht ◽  
John H. M. Van Eijndhoven
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Unconscious Perception ◽  
Stimulus Processing ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration ◽  
Period Return

Return of motor-responses upon request as an indicator of stimulus processing during apparent unconsciousness in general anesthesia was studied in 8 healthy, male volunteers during prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide. First the minimal effective concentration of nitrous oxide was established for each volunteer, based upon continued absence of motor-responses to repeated verbal commands. One week later this concentration of nitrous oxide was administered for a 3-hr. period; return of motor-responses after at least 30 min. of absence was considered a sign of so-called unconscious perception. Four volunteers showed return of motor-response within the 3 hr. of exposure, but two of these had been rather restless throughout the session. Results indicate that unexpected processing of information by patients may occur during presumed unconsciousness after a prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide in general anesthesia.

Incorporation of C14-amino acids into protein of isolated diaphragms: effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira G. Wool
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Incorporation ◽  
Acid Incorporation ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

When diaphragms isolated from normal rats were incubated with a C14-amino acid the addition of epinephrine or norepinephrine decreased incorporation of C14 into muscle protein. The inhibition occurred whether epinephrine was added in vitro or administered in vivo. The minimal effective concentration of epinephrine in vitro was 0.1 µg/ml. When the glucose concentration in the medium was raised to 300 mg % or more the epinephrine induced inhibition of amino acid incorporation into muscle protein was no longer observed.

scholarly journals In VitroActivities of a Wide Panel of Antifungal Drugs against Various Scopulariopsis and Microascus Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 5827-5829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Skóra ◽  
Małgorzata Bulanda ◽  
Tomasz Jagielski
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

ABSTRACTThein vitroactivities of 11 antifungal drugs against 68ScopulariopsisandMicroascusstrains were investigated. Amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, and ciclopirox showed no or poor antifungal effect. The best activities were exhibited by terbinafine and caspofungin, where the MIC and MEC (minimal effective concentration) ranges were 0.0313 to >16 μg/ml and 0.125 to 16 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MEC modes were both 1 µg/ml for terbinafine and caspofungin; the MIC50and MEC50were 1 µg/ml for both drugs, whereas the MIC90and MEC90were 4 µg/ml and 16 µg/ml, respectively.

scholarly journals THE EXTENT OF LOCAL DISPERSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS AS A FACTOR IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Duran-Reynals
Keyword(s):  
Effective Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Spreading Factor ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Local Dispersion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

Progressively decreasing quantities of bacteria of some 20 strains were utilized in experiments upon the effect of dispersing the organisms in the rabbit skin through the agency of an extract of testicle or an invasive staphylococcus. The same was done with 6 strains of filterable viruses. The bacterial lesions were enhanced by spreading when the organisms introduced were above a certain number or quantity (minimal effective concentration) and on the other hand were partially or totally suppressed when their number was less than this. Virulence and minimal effective concentration were observed to be in inverse relationship. The lesions due to the filterable viruses studied were, on the other hand, enhanced by the spreading factor even when the quantity of virus approached the minimal infective dose. This happened irrespective of whether the virus caused severe lesions or slight ones. The highly virulent Pneumococcus Type I, injected into normal rabbits together with the spreading factor, yielded enhanced lesions even at practically its minimal infective dose; but when the resistance of the animal was raised with specific antiserum the lesions were totally suppressed by the experimental dispersion of the bacteria. When such an experiment was repeated on a filterable virus, vaccinia, no suppression took place as a result of the dispersion of the infective agent. The significance of the differences in the bacterial and virus phenomena is discussed.

scholarly journals Substoichiometric inhibition of transthyretin misfolding by immune-targeting sparsely populated misfolding intermediates: a potential diagnostic and therapeutic for TTR amyloidoses

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie J. Galant ◽  
Antoinette Bugyei-Twum ◽  
Rishi Rakhit ◽  
Patrick Walsh ◽  
Simon Sharpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Native State ◽  
Pharmacological Chaperones ◽  
Amyloid Disease ◽  
Selective Targeting ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration ◽  
Micromolar Range

Abstract Wild-type and mutant transthyretin (TTR) can misfold and deposit in the heart, peripheral nerves, and other sites causing amyloid disease. Pharmacological chaperones, Tafamidis® and diflunisal, inhibit TTR misfolding by stabilizing native tetrameric TTR; however, their minimal effective concentration is in the micromolar range. By immune-targeting sparsely populated TTR misfolding intermediates (i.e. monomers), we achieved fibril inhibition at substoichiometric concentrations. We developed an antibody (misTTR) that targets TTR residues 89–97, an epitope buried in the tetramer but exposed in the monomer. Nanomolar misTTR inhibits fibrillogenesis of misfolded TTR under micromolar concentrations. Pan-specific TTR antibodies do not possess such fibril inhibiting properties. We show that selective targeting of misfolding intermediates is an alternative to native state stabilization and requires substoichiometric concentrations. MisTTR or its derivative may have both diagnostic and therapeutic potential.

Minimal effective concentration values of propafenone and 5-hydroxy-propafenone in acute and chronic therapy

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Capucci ◽  
Giuseppe Boriani ◽  
Bruno Marchesini ◽  
Enrico Strocchi ◽  
Luciana Tomasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Chronic Therapy ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Formaldehyde

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Skin Sensitivity ◽  
Cosmetic Product ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

The report selectively reviews the extensive literature available on the toxicity of Formaldehyde. It is concluded that Formaldehyde in cosmetic products is safe to the great majority of consumers. Because of the skin sensitivity of some individuals to this agent, the formulation and manufacture of a cosmetic product should be such as to ensure use at the minimal effective concentration of Formaldehyde, not to exceed 0.2% measured as free Formaldehyde. It cannot be concluded that Formaldehyde is safe in cosmetic products intended to be aerosolized.

scholarly journals A Prospective, Self-Controlled and Randomized Study about the Optimal Timing of Leucovorin Rescue after High Dose Methotrexate Management

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 3956-3956
Author(s):  
Tongyu Lin ◽  
Xueying Li ◽  
Tingzhi Liu ◽  
He Huang ◽  
Huangming Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Rescue Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leucovorin Rescue ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

Abstract Background and objectives: Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid reductase inhibitor widely used. Peripheral infusion of high dose MTX (HD-MTX) could prevent the central nervous system recurrence of leukemia and NHL. Due to the blood brain barrier, only 1-3% of MTX in the peripheral blood can enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Improving the peripheral MTX drug dosage helps to improve MTX concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. However, high concentration of MTX has serious side effects to normal organs. Leucovorin (CF) rescue is given to reduce the toxic effect of methotrexate on normal cells. During high dose MTX therapy, monitoring of serum concentration of MTX and timely CF rescue therapy are mandatory so as to maximum the efficacy of MTX and minimize the toxicities. Due to the lack of randomized clinical trials with large sample, the safe dose and most appropriate time of leucovorin rescue treatment are of no consensus. In order to study the effect of different time of leucovorin rescue treatment on the serum concentration of MTX, we carried out this study. Patients and methods: We included patients who had pathological diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and indications to receive HD-MTX as single agent or component in combined regimen consecutively from October 2011 to June 2014 at our hospital. Patients were randomized to receive CF rescue at the sixth hour after MTX infusion in the first course and twelfth hour in the second course or the twelfth hour in the first course and sixth hour in the second course. A dosage of 3.5 g/m2 of MTX was provided. Adequate hydration, alkalization and monitoring of laboratory tests were administered. Intrathecal injection of MTX plus cytarabine and dexamethasone were given after MTX infusion. 100mg of CF was given at the first time, then 30mg of CF were given every 6 hours for a total of 7 times until the plasma concentration of MTX were lower than 1×10-7 mol/L. Blood samples were collected at 2, 12, 18, 24, 28, 72 hours after the beginning of MTX infusion. High performance liquid chromatography was used to test the plasma concentration of MTX. Results: There were 23 male patients and 12 female patients with a mean age of 41 years. Most of patients were diagnosed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (65.7%). Eleven cases (31.4%) had central nervous system invasion at the time of HD-MTX treatment. Twenty-one patients (51%) had more than one extra-nodal lesion. Sixteen patients were randomly to be rescued at the sixth hour in the first course then the twelfth hour in the second course. Nineteen patients were randomly to be rescued at the twelfth hour in the first course then the sixth hour in the second course. The plasma concentration of MTX of patients rescued at the sixth hour at the time of 2, 12, 18, 24, 48 hours were 5.21±0.36×10-5 mol/L, 8.01±0.635×10-5 mol/L, 4.57±1.67×10-6 mol/L, 1.43±0.83×10-6 mol/L, 0.1±0.1×10-6 mol/L, respectively; The plasma concentration MTX of patients rescued at the twelfth hour at the time of 2, 12, 18, 24, 48 hours were 5.46±0.34×10-5 mol/L, 8.65±0.663×10-5 mol/L, 5.4±0.93×10-6 mol/L, 1.12±0.21×10-6 mol/L, 0.1±0.24×10-6 mol/L, respectively. There was no significant difference of MTX concentration level between patients treated with different CF rescue timing, P >0.05. Most of patients achieved maximal MTX concentration at the twelfth hour, and descended to be lower than the minimal effective concentration at the eighteenth hour. At the forty-eighth hour, majority of patients had MTX concentration being in a safe range. The rate of grade 3 to 4 adverse reactions including neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and grade 1 to 2 side effects including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, mucositis, fatigue, and MTX discharge delay were higher when patients were rescued with CF at the twelfth hour, though P >0.05. Conclusion: Most of patients treated with high dose MTX reached the maximum MTX concentration at the twelfth hour after MTX infusion, and descended to be under the minimal effective concentration at the eighteenth hour, then to be in the safe range at the forty eighth hour. No significant difference of MTX concentration was found between patients rescued with CF at the sixth hour or the twelfth hour. However, adverse reactions were lower when patients were treated with CF rescue at the sixth hour. It seems a better choice to give patients CF rescue at the sixth hour after MTX infusion. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals In Vitro Synergy of Caspofungin and Itraconazole against Aspergillus spp.: MIC versus Minimal Effective Concentration End Points

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1416-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itamar Shalit ◽  
Yona Shadkchan ◽  
Zmira Samra ◽  
Nir Osherov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
End Points ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

ABSTRACT Caspofungin and itraconazole were studied alone and in combination against 31 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. according to NCCLS M38-P guidelines. MICs and microscopic minimal effective concentrations (MECs) were recorded, and synergy was calculated by using both end points. Synergy or synergy to additivity was found in 30 of 31 isolates by using MIC end points. With MEC end points no synergy was found and indifference was detected in 26 of 31 strains.

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