scholarly journals Regional variations in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, routes to diagnosis, treatment and survival in England

Author(s):  
Anya Burton ◽  
Vinay K. Balachandrakumar ◽  
Robert J. Driver ◽  
Daniela Tataru ◽  
Lizz Paley ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence, management and survival across England were examined to determine if geographical inequalities exist. Method 15,468 HCC cases diagnosed 2010–2016 were included. Age-standardised incidence rates, net survival and proportions receiving potentially curative treatment and presenting through each route to diagnosis adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex and area-based deprivation quintile, were calculated overall and by Cancer Alliance. Results HCC incidence rates increased in men from 6.2 per 100,000 in 2010 to 8.8 in 2016, and in women from 1.5 to 2.2. The highest incidence rates, found in parts of the North of England and London, were nearly double the lowest. The adjusted proportion presenting as an emergency ranged 27–41% across Cancer Alliances. Odds increased with increasing deprivation quintile and age. Only one in five patients received potentially curative treatment (range 15–28%) and odds decreased with increasing deprivation and age. One-year survival in 2013–2016 ranged 38–53%. Conclusion This population-based, nationwide analysis demonstrates clear differences in HCC incidence, management and survival across England. It highlights socioeconomic-associated variation and the need for improvement in early diagnosis and curative treatment of HCC. This research should assist policymakers, service providers and clinicians to identify regions where additional training, services and resources would be best directed.

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-851
Author(s):  
Ruby Crowe ◽  
Michelle L. Townsend ◽  
Caitlin E. Miller ◽  
Brin F. S. Grenyer

Abstract School staff have a unique opportunity to detect and respond to mental health issues including self-harm and suicidal behaviour in adolescents. There is limited knowledge about how these incidents are managed in schools. This study aims to understand the incidence rates, perceived severity and management of self-harm and suicidal behaviour incidents by schools. A total of 1525 school incidents were analysed for rate, severity and response. Pearson’s χ2 test was used to understand incident rates of self-harm and suicidal behaviours compared to all other incidents, and if incident category was related to emergency service involvement. A Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA analysed differences in severity ratings for incidents, and relative risk ratios determined the probability that first responder services will be engaged in self-harm and suicidal behaviour incidents. Self-harm and suicidal behaviour incidents (n = 77) accounted for 5.05% of all incidents and were more likely to be rated highly severe compared to other incidents. Incidents of self-harm and suicidal behaviours were 1.43 times more likely to have police involvement and 8.37 times more likely to have ambulance involvement compared to other incidents that caused harm to students, staff or property including welfare and violence incidents. The findings highlight the severity of reportable self-harm and suicidal behaviour incidents as they required an emergency response. We discuss the potential missed opportunity for early intervention by school staff and services, which may hinder future disclosure or help-seeking by at-risk young people. Training of school staff may provide knowledge and confidence to respond appropriately to self-harm and suicidal behaviour incidents and prevent escalation requiring emergency intervention.


Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kok ◽  
Yu-Ching Chen ◽  
Yang-Yuan Chen ◽  
Yu-Chieh Su ◽  
Ming-Chang Ku ◽  
...  

We hypothesized that sorafenib plus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) would confer survival benefits over sorafenib alone for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). We investigated this while using the population-based All-Cancer Dataset to assemble a cohort (n = 3674; median age, 60; 83% men) of patients receiving sorafenib for aHCC (Child-Pugh A) with macro-vascular invasion or nodal/distant metastases. The patients were classified into the sorafenib-TACE group (n = 426) or the propensity score-matched sorafenib-alone group (n = 1686). All of the participants were followed up until death or the end of the study. Time-dependent Cox model and the Mantel–Byar test were used for survival analysis. During the median follow-ups of 221 and 133 days for the sorafenib-TACE and sorafenib-alone groups, 164 (39%) and 916 (54%) deaths occurred, respectively; the corresponding median overall survivals (OS) were 381 and 204 days, respectively (hazard ratio, HR: 0.74; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.63–0.88; p = 0.021). The one-year and six-month OS were 53.5% and 80.3% in the sorafenib-TACE group and 32.4% and 54.4% in the sorafenib-alone group, respectively. The major complications were comparable between the two groups. The addition of TACE to sorafenib improves survival, with a 26% reduction in mortality. These findings provide strong real-world evidence that supports this combination strategy for eligible Child-Pugh A aHCC patients.


Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana E. Rollison ◽  
Nadia Howlader ◽  
Martyn T. Smith ◽  
Sara S. Strom ◽  
William D. Merritt ◽  
...  

Abstract Reporting of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMDs) to population-based cancer registries in the United States was initiated in 2001. In this first analysis of data from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), encompassing 82% of the US population, we evaluated trends in MDS and CMD incidence, estimated case numbers for the entire United States, and assessed trends in diagnostic recognition and reporting. Based on more than 40 000 observations, average annual age-adjusted incidence rates of MDS and CMD for 2001 through 2003 were 3.3 and 2.1 per 100 000, respectively. Incidence rates increased with age for both MDS and CMD (P < .05) and were highest among whites and non-Hispanics. Based on follow-up data through 2004 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, overall relative 3-year survival rates for MDS and CMD were 45% and 80%, respectively, with males experiencing poorer survival than females. Applying the observed age-specific incidence rates to US Census population estimates, approximately 9700 patients with MDS and 6300 patients with CMD were estimated for the entire United States in 2004. MDS incidence rates significantly increased with calendar year in 2001 through 2004, and only 4% of patients were reported to registries by physicians' offices. Thus, MDS disease burden in the United States may be underestimated.


2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Nørgaard Eskesen ◽  
Kristian Bjøro ◽  
Einar Martin Aandahl ◽  
Pål Dag Line ◽  
Espen Melum

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka M Saari

Purpose To study the population-based annual incidence rates of exudative, dry and all cases of symptomatic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in different age and sex groups. Methods. This is a one year, prospective, population-based study on all consecutive new patients with AMD in the hospital district of Central Finland. The diagnosis was confirmed in all patients with slit lamp biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) using a Spectralis HRA + OCT device, and the Heidelberg Eye Explorer 1.6.2.0 program. Fluorescein angiograms were taken when needed. Results. The population-based annual incidence rates of all cases of symptomatic AMD increased from 0.03% (95% CI, 0.01-0.05%) in the age group 50-59 years to 0.82% (95% CI, 0.55-1.09%) in the age group 85-89 years and were 0.2% (95% CI, 0.17-0.24%) in exudative, 0.11% (95% CI, 0.09-0.14%) in dry, and 0.32% (95% CI, 0.28-0.36%) in all cases of AMD in the age group 60 years and older. During the next 20 years in Central Finland the population-based annual incidence rates can be estimated to increase to 0.27% (95% CI, 0.24-0.30%) in exudative, to 0.13% (95% CI, 0.11-0.15%) in dry, and to 0.41% (95% CI, 0.37-0.45%) in all cases of AMD in the age group 60 years and older. The population-based annual incidence of AMD did not show statistically significant differences between males and females (p>0.1). Conclusion: The population-based age-group specific annual incidence rates of symptomatic AMD of this study may help to plan health care provision for patients of AMD.


Author(s):  
João Eugênio Loureiro Lopes ◽  
Júlia Antunes Rizzo Bicalho ◽  
Lívia Zardo Trindade ◽  
Mariana Poltronieri Pacheco

Introdução: O carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) é o tumor maligno primário mais comum do fígado. Através do rastreamento semestral com ultrassonografia (USG) abdominal e alfafetoproteína (AFP), em pacientes de risco, seu diagnóstico pode ser realizado de maneira precoce, quando há propostas de tratamento curativo. Entretanto, a existência de inúmeras barreiras de acesso aos exames de rastreamento do CHC impacta negativamente no prognóstico dos pacientes portadores de hepatopatias crônicas. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os determinantes que dificultam o acesso ao rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce, através da USG abdominal, em pacientes de risco para CHC ou já diagnosticados com a neoplasia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e transversal, onde, para avaliar os principais fatores associados a essa dificuldade nos pacientes, foi aplicado um questionário  que aborda estes fatores mais prevalentes. Resultados: Durante o período de estudo, 60 pacientes foram abordados. Em uma primeira análise, foi observado que a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (54%) e idade média de 59 anos. Da doença hepática crônica, a etiologia mais observada foi álcool (48%) seguida da infecção pelo vírus C (32%). Apesar de 42,86% dos pacientes negarem dificuldades para realização dos exames de rastreio, fatores como financeiro (12,50%) e desconhecimento da doença (10,71%) foram apontados como dificultadores. Dos pacientes com CHC, foi notado que, ao diagnóstico, 62,5% não tinha perspectiva de tratamento curativo. Discussão: Quando diagnosticado precocemente, o CHC possui opções de tratamento curativo, como o transplante hepático, com intuito secundário de garantir melhor qualidade de vida ao paciente. Entretanto, a dificuldade de acesso ao exame ou o desconhecimento da doença retardam o acompanhamento deste paciente e, consequentemente, limitando as estratégias terapêuticas. Conclusão: A ação conjunta dos diferentes níveis de atenção de saúde para solucionar os principais problemas envolvidos na dificuldade de rastreio para o CHC podem auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce do câncer e, portanto, opções de tratamento curativo ao paciente.Palavras chave: Carcinoma hepatocelular, Rastreamento, Diagnóstico precoce, Detecção precoce do câncer, Fatores de riscoABSTRACTIntroduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant liver tumor. Through semester screening with abdominal ultrasound (US) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in high-risk patients, its diagnosis can be performed early, when there are proposals for curative treatment. However, the existence of access barriers to HCC screening tests negatively impacts the prognosis of patients with chronic liver diseases. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the determinants that hinder access to screening and early diagnosis, through abdominal US, in patients at risk for HCC or already diagnosed with the cancer. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study where, to assess the main factors associated with this difficulty in patients, a questionnaire was designed that addresses the most prevalent factors. Results: During the study period, 60 patients were evaluated. In a first analysis, it was observed that most patients were male sex (54%) and mean age was 59 years. Of the chronic liver disease, the most observed etiology was alcohol (48%) followed by hepatitis C virus infection (32%). Although 42.86% of patients deny difficulties in performing the screening tests, factors such as financial (12.50%) and lack of knowledge about the disease (10.71%) were identified as hindering factors. Of the patients with HCC, it was noted that, at diagnosis, 62.5% had no prospect of curative treatment. Discussion: When diagnosed early, HCC has curative treatment options, such as liver transplantation, with the secondary aim of guaranteeing better quality of life for the patient. However, difficult access to the exam or lack of knowledge about the disease delay the follow-up of this patient and, consequently, limit therapeutic strategies. Conclusion: A joint action of different levels of health care to solve the main problems represented in the difficulty of screening for HCC can help in the early diagnosis of cancer and, therefore, curative treatment options for the patient.Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Screening, Early diagnosis, Early detection of cancer, Risk factors 


2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feras M Ghazawi ◽  
Rami Darwich ◽  
Michelle Le ◽  
Abdulhadi Jfri ◽  
Elham Rahme ◽  
...  

BackgroundMelanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye in adults. While the epidemiology of uveal melanoma has recently been described in Canada, little is known about the epidemiology and geographic distribution of patients with conjunctival melanoma (CM) in Canada.MethodsWe conducted a population-based study of CM incidence across all Canadian provinces and territories during 1992–2010 using two independent population-based registries.Results190 patients were diagnosed with CM in Canada from 1992 to 2010. 55.3 % of these patients were men. The mean annual incidence rate of CM in Canada was 0.32 cases per million individuals (0.35 and 0.29 cases per million individuals for men and women, respectively). The incidence rates for Canadian provinces demonstrated that the eastern provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had higher age-adjusted incidence rates than the national average, with rates of 0.52 and 0.47 cases per million individuals per year, respectively.ConclusionsThis analysis demonstrates novel variations in CM incidence rates between different Canadian provinces. These results taken together with the data reported from the USA confirm the North-to-South geographic gradient of increasing CM incidence. This research highlights that the epidemiology of CM in North America is comparable to that of cutaneous malignant melanoma in contrast to the trends for uveal melanoma distribution.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261878
Author(s):  
Takanori Suzuki ◽  
Kentaro Matsuura ◽  
Yoshihito Nagura ◽  
Etsuko Iio ◽  
Shintaro Ogawa ◽  
...  

Background & aims There is insufficient data on the clinical course of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in the immune-tolerant (IT) and immune-clearance, inactive (IC) phases over a long follow-up period. Design We enrolled 466 CHB patients from our historical cohort, including 56 IT+MA  (mildly active), 134 IC, 230 with chronic active hepatitis (CH) and 46 with liver cirrhosis (LC), who were categorized to each phase by at least one year of follow-up period from the first visit to our hospital. We investigated long-term risks, and their factors, of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the transition between the clinical phases, especially in the IT+MA and IC groups. Results Of the 56 patients in the IT+MA group, 27 remained the IT+MA phase, but 29 transitioned to the CH phase and started nucleot(s)ide analogue (NA) treatment during the follow-up period. Meanwhile, of the 134 patients in the IC group, only 5 started NA treatment after progressing to the CH phase. The development of HCC from the IT+MA, IC, CH, and LC groups was observed in 2, 2, 9, and 20 cases, respectively. The cumulative incidence rates of developing HCC in the IT+MA, IC, CH, and LC groups were 9.9, 1.8, 3.0, and 53.1% at 10 years. In the CH and LC group, patients who developed HCC were older, had higher levels of FIB-4 index, M2BPGi, HBcrAg and AFP, and had lower levels of albumin and platelet counts. In CH patients, FIB-4 index levels were elevated at the diagnosis of HCC compared to baseline, whereas these decreased during the follow-up period in non-HCC patients. Conclusions HCC occurred at a certain rate among patients in the IT+MA and IC groups. Careful follow-up is required for CH patients with higher levels of FIB-4 index and/or M2BPGi because of the high incidence of HCC development. (299 words)


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiqian Wang ◽  
Kazushi Numata ◽  
Atsuya Takeda ◽  
Katsuaki Ogushi ◽  
Hiroyuki Fukuda ◽  
...  

Abstract BackgroundsIn clinical practice, many hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A4–B1 can not receive curative treatment of liver transplantation, resection and RFA which were recommended options by liver cancer guidelines. Our aim is to study the feasibility of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) as curative treatment for different multifocal HCCs in BLCL stage A4–B1 patients. MethodsFrom September 2014 to August 2019, 39 multifocal HCC lesions (median diameter, 16.6 mm) from 15 patients (median age, 73.2 years) were retrospectively enrolled. Among them, 23 were treated by RFA and the other 16 by SBRT because of predictable insufficiency and/or risk for RFA performance. The indicators for evaluating this novel therapy were tumor response, prognosis (recurrence and survivals), and adverse effect (deteriorated laboratory test values and severe complications). ResultsMedian follow-up duration was 31.3 months (range: 15.1–71.9 months). The numbers of one-year complete response, stable disease, and disease progression were 11, 1, and 3, respectively. In total, eight and two patients had confronted intrahepatic and local recurrence, respectively. The one-year progression-free survival rate and local control rate were 80% (12/15 patients) and 97.4% (38/39 lesions), respectively. Median time to progression was 20.1 (2.8–45.1) months. The one- and two-year survival rates were 100%, and 88.9%, respectively. During one week to 3–5 months’ observation, no patient showed severe complications. Seven, four, and two patients had slight changes in white blood cells, platelet count, and albumin–bilirubin grade, respectively. ConclusionsFor patients with BCLC stage A4–B1, RFA and SBRT treatment for different multifocal HCCs may be a potential option because of their favorable prognosis and safety. However, before setting assured application in clinical practice, prospective, controlled, large-scale studies are needed to further confirm our conclusions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn M. Afungchwi ◽  
Peter B. Hesseling ◽  
Paul Achu ◽  
Richard Bardin ◽  
Francine Kouya

Background: Burkitt lymphoma is one of the most common childhood cancers in Cameroon. Incidence rates of 5.9/100 000 and 2.58 per 100 000 have been reported in two studies in 2005 and 2012 amongst children below 15 years in the North-West Region.Aim: This study seeks to examine how Burkitt lymphoma incidence has varied between the various health districts of north-west Cameroon from 2003 to 2015.Setting: North-West region of Cameroon.Method: Ethics approval was obtained from the relevant university and Health Services Institutional Review Board. Population data was obtained from the regional delegation of public health. The Paediatric Oncology Networked Database registry from two hospitals and two pathology-based registries were reviewed for cases per year from the various districts. Age-standardised incidence rates were computed for all districts by year using the World Health Organizaion world standard populations.Results: A total of 317 cases were registered. Overall age-standardised incidence rate was 3.07 per 100 000. Annual incidence ranged from 0.09 in 2003 to 6.12 in 2010. The districts with the highest incidence rates for the entire study period include Nwa with 10.54; Ndop with 5.63; Benakuma with 5.48; Ako with 4.97; and Nkambe with 4.73.Conclusion: Clustering of Burkitt lymphoma is seen in the region, with the highest incidence in Nwa, Ndop, Benakuma, Ako and Nkambe. These districts should be prioritised for awareness creation campaigns. There is need for a population-based childhood cancer registry in the region, which will use both active and passive surveillance methods to record all childhood cancer cases.


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