scholarly journals Sexual competition and kin recognition co-shape the traits of neighboring dioecious Diospyros morrisiana seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulin He ◽  
Han Xu ◽  
Hanlun Liu ◽  
Meiling Luo ◽  
Chengjin Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kin Selection ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Root Exudate ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Dioecious Plants ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

AbstractPlants respond differently to the identity of their neighbors, such as their sex and kinship, showing plasticity in their traits. However, how the functional traits of dioecious trees are shaped by the recognition of neighbors with different sex and kinship remains unknown. In this study, we set up an experiment with different kin/nonkin and inter/intrasexual combinations for a dioecious tree species, Diospyros morrisiana. The results showed that plants grew better with nonkin and intrasexual neighbors than with kin and intersexual neighbors. Kin combinations had significantly shorter root length in the resource-overlapping zone than nonkin combinations, suggesting that kin tended to reduce competition by adjusting their root distribution, especially among female siblings. Our study suggested that the seedling growth of D. morrisiana was affected by both the relatedness and sexual identity of neighboring plants. Further analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the root exudate composition of female seedlings differed from that of male seedlings. Root exudates may play important roles in sex competition in dioecious plants. This study indicates that sex-specific competition and kin recognition interact and co-shape the traits of D. morrisiana seedlings, while intrasexual and nonkin neighbors facilitate the growth of seedlings. Our study implies that kin- and sex-related interactions depend on different mechanisms, kin selection, and niche partitioning, respectively. These results are critical for understanding how species coexist and how traits are shaped in nature.

scholarly journals Naive Juvenile Diamondback Terrapins: Kin Recognition in Controlled Encounter Experiments

Elements ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Macdonald ◽  
Alexis Rife
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Malaclemys Terrapin ◽  
Selection Theory ◽  
Boston College ◽  
Diamondback Terrapins ◽  
Existing Data

Northern diamondback terrapin (<span style="font-family: mceinline;"><em>malaclemys terrapin</em>) turtle </span>hatchlings raised as part of a laboratory headstarting program are the focus of kin recognition studies taking place at Boston College. Experiments examining basking behaviors in 13 trials of familiar kin and 11 trials of unfamiliar non-kin. Familiar kin averaged more aggressive engagements per trial (2.44 vs. 0.36), more displacements per trial (13.36 vs. 3.91), and more instances of climbing on one another (13.36 vs. 2.36). Familiar kin basked in congregations more frequently per trial than unfamiliar non-kin. These data suggest that diamondback terrapins treat each other differently based on either kinship or familiarity-or both. Further research will be conducted on familiar and unfamiliar kin and non-kin groupings to help elucidate the existing data by determining which variable has greater consequence and if Hamilton's kin selection theory can be applied to terrapin juvenile social behavior.

Comparative Study on Rate of Biodegradation of Diluted Bitumen and Conventional Oil in Fresh Water

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2256-2267
Author(s):  
Ruta Suresh Deshpande ◽  
Devi Sundaravadivelu ◽  
Pablo Campo ◽  
Jorge W. SantoDomingo ◽  
Robyn N. Conmy
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Culture ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Set Up

Abstract 2017-271 In recent years, diluted bitumen (or dilbit) has become an important source of hydrocarbon-based fuel. While information on the degradation of crude oils has been well researched, dilbit degradation has been studied at a much lesser extent. The objective of this study was to compare biodegradation of dilbit with a conventional crude oil (CCO) under various conditions. Two different microcosm experiments were set up, one containing a mixed culture acclimated to dilbit (Kalamazoo River Enrichment, KRC) and the other having a mixed culture enriched on soil contaminated with hydrocarbons (Anderson Ferry Enrichment, AFC). The microcosms were run for 60 d at 25 °C and for 72 days at 5 °C in flasks containing sterile Bushnell Hass broth and naturally dispersed oil. Each flask was inoculated with the KRC and AFC mixed cultures, and rotated on an orbital shaker (200 rpm) at the above stated temperatures. On each sampling day, triplicates were sacrificed to determine the residual hydrocarbon concentration. Additionally, some samples were used to determine the bacterial composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Hydrocarbon analysis (alkanes and PAHs) was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Higher degradation rates were achieved at 25 °C as compared to 5 °C. All the enrichments metabolized CCO as well dilbit, but the nature and extent of the degradation was distinct. KRC meso culture was the most effective among all, as it completely removed alkanes and most of the PAHs. AFC enrichment performed differently at the two temperatures; an acclimation period (8 d) was observed at 5 °C while there was no lag at 25 °C. KRC cryo culture as well as AFC culture at both temperatures degraded alkanes completely while they were not able to metabolize heavier fractions of the oil (C2–4 homologues of 3- and 4-ring compounds). All cultures showed the presence of diverse oil degrading bacteria and the differences in their compositions affected the biodegradation. Although dilbit was biodegraded, for all the treatments except AFC at 5 °C, the rate of degradation and the extent of degradation was greater for CCO owing to the higher concentrations of lighter hydrocarbons.

scholarly journals Does kin selection moderate sexual conflict in Drosophila ?

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20151417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam K. Chippindale ◽  
Meredith Berggren ◽  
Joshua H. M. Alpern ◽  
Robert Montgomerie
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Male Reproductive Success ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Unrelated Male

Two recent studies provide provocative experimental findings about the potential influence of kin recognition and cooperation on the level of sexual conflict in Drosophila melanogaster . In both studies, male fruit flies apparently curbed their mate-harming behaviours in the presence of a few familiar or related males, suggesting some form of cooperation mediated by kin selection. In one study, the reduction in agonistic behaviour by brothers apparently rendered them vulnerable to dramatic loss of paternity share when competing with an unrelated male. If these results are robust and generalizable, fruit flies could be a major new focus for the experimental study of kin selection and social evolution. In our opinion, however, the restrictive conditions required for male cooperation to be adaptive in this species make it unlikely to evolve. We investigated these phenomena in two different populations of D. melanogaster using protocols very similar to those in the two previous studies. Our experiments show no evidence for a reduction in mate harm based upon either relatedness or familiarity between males, and no reduction in male reproductive success when two brothers are in the presence of an unfamiliar, unrelated, ‘foreign’ male. Thus, the reduction of sexual conflict owing to male cooperation does not appear to be a general feature of the species, at least under domestication, and these contrasting results call for further investigation: in new populations, in the field and in the laboratory populations in which these phenomena have been reported.

scholarly journals Dissecting ant recognition systems in the age of genomics

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 20130416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Tsutsui
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Colony Recognition ◽  
Recognition Systems

Hamilton is probably best known for his seminal work demonstrating the role of kin selection in social evolution. His work made it clear that, for individuals to direct their altruistic behaviours towards appropriate recipients (kin), mechanisms must exist for kin recognition. In the social insects, colonies are typically comprised of kin, and colony recognition cues are used as proxies for kinship cues. Recent years have brought rapid advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms that are used for this process. Here, I review some of the most notable advances, particularly the contributions from recent ant genome sequences and molecular biology.

scholarly journals An airborne perfluorocarbon tracer system and its first application for a Lagrangian experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 6791-6822
Author(s):  
Y. Ren ◽  
R. Baumann ◽  
H. Schlager
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Research Vessel ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Tracer System ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Set Up ◽  
German Aerospace ◽  
First Time

Abstract. A perfluorocarbon tracer system (PERTRAS), specifically designed for Lagrangian aircraft experiments, has been developed by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center, DLR). It consists of three main parts: a tracer release unit (RU), an adsorption tube sampler (ATS) and a tracer analytical system. The RU was designed for airborne tracer release experiments; meanwhile, it can be used on various platforms for different experimental purpose (here research vessel). PERTRAS was for the first time applied in the field campaign Stratospheric ozone: halogen Impacts in a Varying Atmosphere (SHIVA) in November 2011. An amount of 8.8 kg perfluoromethylcyclopentane (PMCP) was released aboard the research vessel Sonne (RV Sonne) near the operational site of this campaign, Miri, Malaysia, on 21 November. The tracer samples collected using the ATS on board the DLR research aircraft Falcon were analyzed in the laboratory using a thermal desorber/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) system. Guided by forecasts calculated with the Lagrangian model, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT), 64 tracer samples were collected onboard the Falcon approximately 5 and 25 h after the release, respectively, mostly with a time resolution of 1 min. Enhanced PMCP concentrations relative to ambient PMCP background values (mean: 6.62 fmol mol−1) were detected during three intersects of the fresh tracer plume (age 5 h), with a maximum value of 301.33 fmol mol−1. This indicates that the fresh tracer plume was successfully intercepted at the forecasted position. During the second flight, 25 h after the release, the center of tracer plume was not detected by the sampling system due to a faster advection of the plume than forecasted. The newly developed PERTRAS system has been successfully deployed for the first time. The instrumental set-up and comparisons between the measurements and HYSPLIT simulations are presented in this study.

scholarly journals Wine yeast phenomics: a standardized fermentation method for assessing quantitative traits ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrains in enological conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilien Peltier ◽  
Margaux Bernard ◽  
Marine Trujillo ◽  
Duyên Prodhomme ◽  
Jean-Christophe Barbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Volatiles Compounds ◽  
Grape Juices

AbstractThis work describes the set up of a small scale fermentation methodology for measuring quantitative traits of hundreds of samples in an enological context. By using standardized screw cap vessels, the alcoholic fermentation kinetics ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrains were measured by following the weight loss over time. Preliminary results showed that the kinetic parameters measured are in agreement with those observed in larger scale vats. The small volume used did not impair any analysis of the strain performance. Indeed, this fermentation system was coupled with robotized enzymatic assays and 8 end-point metabolites of enological interest were measured accurately. Moreover, the vessel used offers the possibility to assay 32 volatiles compounds using a headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approach. Data presented demonstrates that the shaking conditions significantly impacted the mean and the variance of kinetic parameters, primary metabolites, and the production of volatile compounds. This effect was likely due to an enhanced transfer of dissolved oxygen during the first hours of the alcoholic fermentation. To test the efficiency of this experimental design, the phenotypic response of 35 wine industrial starters was measured in five grape juices from the Bordeaux area. A multivariate analysis illustrated that strains were better discriminated by some grape must, than others. The technological performances as well as the phenotypic robustness of these strains was measured and discussed. The optimized methodology developed allows investigating multiple fermentation traits for numerous yeast strains and conditions and greatly contributes in achieving quantitative genetics studies as well as yeast selection programs.

Fully automated flow-injection system for quantifying 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol in serum

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2006-2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tanabe ◽  
Y Umegae ◽  
Y Koyashiki ◽  
Y Kato ◽  
K Fukahori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Injection ◽  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Present System ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Flow Injection System ◽  
Set Up

Abstract We have developed a flow-injection system with colorimetric detection to measure 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol in serum. Serum samples are directly and serially injected into a clean-up column every 3.5 min to remove interferences before the enzymatic reaction. 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol, after being passed through the column, is oxidized by immobilized pyranose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.10), and the hydrogen peroxide produced reacts with the chromogen substrate in the presence of immobilized horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) to form Bindshedler's Green. The detection limit was 1.2 mumol/L (1.2 pmol). The correlation between results obtained with the present system (y) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (x) in samples containing &lt; 30 mumol/L 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, including many samples from patients with diabetes mellitus, was y = 0.975x-0.111 mumol/L (r = 0.997), which was superior to that obtained between the enzymatic and GC-MS methods. Our system needs only to be set up; it runs without any manual pretreatment, assays 17 samples/h, and shows imprecision (CV) of &lt; 2%.

Kleptoplastic foraminifera: a trophic strategy of life 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Courtial ◽  
Edouard Metzger ◽  
Jérémy Lothier ◽  
Constance Choquel ◽  
Anis M. Limami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Sediment Geochemistry ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Foraminiferal Species ◽  
Trophic Strategy ◽  
Set Up

&lt;p&gt;Foraminifera are single-celled organisms, and part of protists. They are present in all types of environments, though most foraminifera are marine benthic and are found from the deep ocean to the intertidal zone. Thus, foraminifera are subjected to various environmental stresses, (natural or anthropogenic). Because of their rapid response to stresses and their strong resistance, foraminifera are studied as paleo-environmental indicators. However, little is currently known about their biology, and specifically their metabolism and physiology. Some foraminifera species are notably known to retain, in their cytoplasm, chloroplasts from diatom preys. This phenomenon is called kleptoplasty. It has been shown that kleptoplasts remain intact and photosynthetically functional from a few days to several weeks, depending of the foraminiferal species and abiotic factors as light. In order to better understand this life strategy and the advantages provided to foraminifera by kleptoplasty in a coastal mudflat environment, we study metabolism of kleptoplastic and non-kleptoplastic species.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &amp;#8220;Mudsurv&amp;#8221; (Mudflat survey, OSUNA) project initiated in 2016 a monitoring of the foraminiferal fauna and sediment geochemistry of Bourgneuf Bay (French Atlantic Coast). The main foraminiferal species observed were: &lt;em&gt;Ammonia sp. &lt;/em&gt;T6, &lt;em&gt;Elphidium oceanense&lt;/em&gt; and a kleptoplastic specie, &lt;em&gt;Haynesina germanica&lt;/em&gt;. We therefore set up a monthly monitoring of respiration and photosynthesis of those kleptoplast and non-kleptoplast foraminifera species. The oxygen production or consumption is measured by microelectrodes in light and darkness. Preliminary results suggest a seasonality of photosynthesis in kleptoplast foraminifera. A second approach, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based experiments, provided us with the first&amp;#8217;s foraminifera metabolomes highlighting kleptoplast species metabolic specificities.&lt;/p&gt;

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