scholarly journals Non-invasive MR imaging of human brain lymphatic networks with connections to cervical lymph nodes

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sait Albayram ◽  
Garrett Smith ◽  
Fatih Tufan ◽  
Ibrahim Sacit Tuna ◽  
Mehmet Bostancıklıoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Lymphatic Fluid

AbstractMeningeal lymphatic vessels have been described in animal studies, but limited comparable data is available in human studies. Here we show dural lymphatic structures along the dural venous sinuses in dorsal regions and along cranial nerves in the ventral regions in the human brain. 3D T2-Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery magnetic resonance imaging relies on internal signals of protein rich lymphatic fluid rather than contrast media and is used in the present study to visualize the major human dural lymphatic structures. Moreover we detect direct connections between lymphatic fluid channels along the cranial nerves and vascular structures and the cervical lymph nodes. We also identify age-related cervical lymph node atrophy and thickening of lymphatics channels in both dorsal and ventral regions, findings which reflect the reduced lymphatic output of the aged brain.

Neural glymphatic system: Clinical implications and potential importance of melatonin

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-565
Author(s):  
Ryan D Bitar ◽  
Jorge L Torres-Garza ◽  
Russel J Reiter ◽  
William T Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
The Brain

The central nervous system was thought to lack a lymphatic drainage until the recent discovery of the neural glymphatic system.  This highly specialized waste disposal network includes classical lymphatic vessels in the dura that absorb fluid and metabolic by-products and debris from the underlying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is continuous with the Virchow-Robin peri-arterial and peri-vascular spaces which surround the arteries and veins that penetrate into the neural tissue, respectively.  The dural lymphatic vessels exit the cranial vault via an anterior and a posterior route and eventually drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes. Aided by the presence of aquaporin 4 on the perivascular endfeet of astrocytes, nutrients and other molecules enter the brain from peri-arterial spaces and form interstitial fluid (ISF) that baths neurons and glia before being released into peri-venous spaces.  Melatonin, a pineal-derived secretory product which is in much higher concentration in the CSF than in the blood, is believed to follow this route and to clear waste products such as amyloid-β from the interstitial space. The clearance of amyloid-β reportedly occurs especially during slow wave sleep which happens concurrently with highest CSF levels of melatonin.  Experimentally, exogenously-administered melatonin defers amyloid-β buildup in the brain of animals and causes its accumulation in the cervical lymph nodes. Clinically, with increased age CSF melatonin levels decrease markedly, co-incident with neurodegeneration and dementia.  Collectively, these findings suggest a potential association between the loss of melatonin, decreased glymphatic drainage and neurocognitive decline in the elderly.

How to drain without lymphatics? Dendritic cells migrate from the cerebrospinal fluid to the B-cell follicles of cervical lymph nodes

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 806-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Hatterer ◽  
Nathalie Davoust ◽  
Marianne Didier-Bazes ◽  
Carine Vuaillat ◽  
Christophe Malcus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anatomic Feature

AbstractThe lack of draining lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to the so-called “CNS immune privilege.” However, despite such a unique anatomic feature, dendritic cells (DCs) are able to migrate from the CNS to cervical lymph nodes through a yet unknown pathway. In this report, labeled bone marrow-derived myeloid DCs were injected stereotaxically into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or brain parenchyma of normal rats. We found that DCs injected within brain parenchyma migrate little from their site of injection and do not reach cervical lymph nodes. In contrast, intra-CSF-injected DCs either reach cervical lymph nodes or, for a minority of them, infiltrate the subventricular zone, where neural stem cells reside. Surprisingly, DCs that reach cervical lymph nodes preferentially target B-cell follicles rather than T-cell-rich areas. This report sheds a new light on the specific role exerted by CSF-infiltrating DCs in the control of CNS-targeted immune responses. (Blood. 2006; 107:806-812)

scholarly journals Comparitive Study of Human Lymph Nodes

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
A. Kafeel Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Germinal Centre ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axial Diameter ◽  
Germinal Centres ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Mean

All the lymph nodes observed were typically bean shaped irrespective of their age or sex. The cervical lymph nodes were the largest of all the four groups in size. The mean maximum short axis axial diameter was 7.19mm (Range 5.67mm - 8.12mm). The mesentericl lymph nodes were the smallest of all the four groups in size. The mean maximum short axis axial diameter was 3.89mm (Range 2.7mm -6.lmm). The lymph nodes showed well defined deep cortical regions often containing large lymphoblasts and prominent endothelial cells in small blood vessels. The thickness of the deep cortex was however reduced when compared to its foetal counterpart. The mean thickness of the deep cortical region was 423 microns. To reconfirm the age related involution of the paracortical region, the mesenteric lymph nodes were observed. In sharp· distinction, axillary lymph nodes showed fewer germinal centres which were relatively smaller in size.Mean actual diameter of the germinal centre was77 microns also had had fewer and smaller germinal centres. Mean actual diameter of the germinal centre was 68 microns.

Dynamics of Evans blue clearance from cerebrospinal fluid into meningeal lymphatic vessels and deep cervical lymph nodes

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 372-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Maloveska ◽  
Jan Danko ◽  
Eva Petrovova ◽  
Lenka Kresakova ◽  
Katarina Vdoviakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes

Benign thyroid inclusions in cervical lymph nodes

JAMA ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Nicastri
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Benign Thyroid

Role of Clinical Palpation in Evaluation of Cervical Lymph Node in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 02-06
Author(s):  
SM Anwar Sadat ◽  
Sufia Nasrin Rita ◽  
Shoma Banik ◽  
Md Nazmul Hasan Khandker ◽  
Md Mahfuz Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Cervical Lymph Node ◽  
Betel Quid ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes

A cross sectional study of 29 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma with or without  cervical lymph node metastasis was done among Bangladeshi patients from January 2006 to December 2007. Majority of the study subjects (34.5%) belonged to the age group of 40-49 years. 58.6% of the study subjects were male, while remaining 41.4% of them were female. 51.7% of the lesions were located in the alveolar ridge where the other common sites were buccal mucosa (27.6%) and retro molar area (13.8%). Half of the study subjects (51.7%) were habituated to betel quid chewing followed by 37.9% and 10.3% were habituated to smoking and betel quid-smoking respectively. Grade I lesions was most prevalent (75.9%) in the study subjects.  Majority of cases presented with Stage IV lesions (55.2%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value & accuracy of clinical palpation method for determining metastatic cervical lymph nodes were 93.33%, 64.29%, 73.68%, 90% and 79.3% respectively. Careful and repeated clinical palpation plays important role in evaluation of cervical lymph nodes though several modern techniques may help additionally in the management of oral cancer.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13978 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 02-06

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