scholarly journals Non-equilibrium conditions inside rock pores drive fission, maintenance and selection of coacervate protocells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Ianeselli ◽  
Damla Tetiker ◽  
Julian Stein ◽  
Alexandra Kühnlein ◽  
Christof B. Mast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Early Earth ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Complex Coacervate ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractKey requirements for the first cells on Earth include the ability to compartmentalize and evolve. Compartmentalization spatially localizes biomolecules from a dilute pool and an evolving cell, which, as it grows and divides, permits mixing and propagation of information to daughter cells. Complex coacervate microdroplets are excellent candidates as primordial cells with the ability to partition and concentrate molecules into their core and support primitive and complex biochemical reactions. However, the evolution of coacervate protocells by fusion, growth and fission has not yet been demonstrated. In this work, a primordial environment initiated the evolution of coacervate-based protocells. Gas bubbles inside heated rock pores perturb the coacervate protocell distribution and drive the growth, fusion, division and selection of coacervate microdroplets. Our findings provide a compelling scenario for the evolution of membrane-free coacervate microdroplets on the early Earth, induced by common gas bubbles within heated rock pores.

scholarly journals Non-equilibrium conditions inside rock pores drive fission, maintenance and selection of coacervate protocells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Ianeselli ◽  
Damla Tetiker ◽  
Julian Stein ◽  
Alexandra Kuehnlein ◽  
Christof Mast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Early Earth ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Complex Coacervate ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Key requirements for the first cells on Earth include the ability to compartmentalize and evolve. Compartmentalization spatially localizes biomolecules from a dilute pool and an evolving cell which grows and divides permits mixing and propagation of information to daughter cells. Complex coacervate micro-droplets are excellent candidates as primordial cells with the ability to partition and concentrate molecules into their core and support primitive and complex biochemical reactions. However, the evolution of coacervate protocells by fusion, growth and fission has not yet been demonstrated. In this work, a primordial environment initiated the evolution of coacervate-based protocells. Gas bubbles inside heated rock pores perturb the coacervate protocell distribution and drive the growth, fusion, division and selection of coacervate microdroplets. This setting provides a primordial non-equilibrium environment. Our findings describe how common gas bubbles within heated rock pores induce the early evolution processes of coacervate-based protocells, providing a compelling scenario for the evolution of membrane-free coacervate microdroplets on the early Earth.

scholarly journals Stimuli-Induced Non-Equilibrium Phase Transitions in Polyelectrolytesurfactant Complex Coacervates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Seyrig ◽  
Patrick Le Griel ◽  
Nathan Cowieson ◽  
Javier PErez ◽  
Niki Baccile
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Rapid Variation ◽  
Complex Coacervate ◽  
Soft Colloids ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes (PESCs) are important soft colloids with applications in the field of personal care, cosmetics, pharmaceutics and much else. If their phase diagrams have long been studied under pseudo-equilibrium conditions, and often inside the micellar or vesicular regions, understanding the effect of non-equilibrium conditions, applied at phase boundaries, on the structure of PESCs generates an increasing interest. In this work we cross the micelle-vesicle and micelle-fiber phase boundaries in an isocompositional surfactantpolyelectrolyte aqueous system through a continuous and rapid variation of pH. We employ two microbial glycolipid biosurfactants in the presence of polyamines, both systems being characterized by their responsiveness to pH. We show that complex coacervates (Co) are always formed in the micellar region of both glycolpids’ phase diagram and that their phase behaviour drives the PESCs stability and structure. However, for glycolipid forming single-wall vesicles, we observe an isostructural and isodimensional transition between complex coacervates and a multilamellar walls vesicle (MLWV) phase. For the fiber-forming glycolipid, on the contrary, the complex coacervate disassembles into free polyelecrolyte coexisting with the equilibrium fiber phase. Last but not least, this work also demonstrates the use of microbial glycolipid biosurfactants in the development of sustainable PESCs.<p> </p>

scholarly journals Dissipation-driven selection of states in non-equilibrium chemical networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Maria Busiello ◽  
Shiling Liang ◽  
Francesco Piazza ◽  
Paolo De Los Rios
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Dissipation Rate ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Equilibrium Chemical ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractLife has most likely originated as a consequence of processes taking place in non-equilibrium conditions (e.g. in the proximity of deep-sea thermal vents) selecting states of matter that would have been otherwise unfavorable at equilibrium. Here we present a simple chemical network in which the selection of states is driven by the thermodynamic necessity of dissipating heat as rapidly as possible in the presence of a thermal gradient: states participating to faster reactions contribute the most to the dissipation rate, and are the most populated ones in non-equilibrium steady-state conditions. Building upon these results, we show that, as the complexity of the chemical network increases, the velocity of the reaction path leading to a given state determines its selection, giving rise to non-trivial localization phenomena in state space. A byproduct of our studies is that, in the presence of a temperature gradient, thermophoresis-like behavior inevitably appears depending on the transport properties of each individual state, thus hinting at a possible microscopic explanation of this intriguing yet still not fully understood phenomenon.

scholarly journals Stimuli-Induced Non-Equilibrium Phase Transitions in Polyelectrolytesurfactant Complex Coacervates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Seyrig ◽  
Patrick Le Griel ◽  
Nathan Cowieson ◽  
Javier PErez ◽  
Niki Baccile
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Rapid Variation ◽  
Complex Coacervate ◽  
Soft Colloids ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes (PESCs) are important soft colloids with applications in the field of personal care, cosmetics, pharmaceutics and much else. If their phase diagrams have long been studied under pseudo-equilibrium conditions, and often inside the micellar or vesicular regions, understanding the effect of non-equilibrium conditions, applied at phase boundaries, on the structure of PESCs generates an increasing interest. In this work we cross the micelle-vesicle and micelle-fiber phase boundaries in an isocompositional surfactantpolyelectrolyte aqueous system through a continuous and rapid variation of pH. We employ two microbial glycolipid biosurfactants in the presence of polyamines, both systems being characterized by their responsiveness to pH. We show that complex coacervates (Co) are always formed in the micellar region of both glycolpids’ phase diagram and that their phase behaviour drives the PESCs stability and structure. However, for glycolipid forming single-wall vesicles, we observe an isostructural and isodimensional transition between complex coacervates and a multilamellar walls vesicle (MLWV) phase. For the fiber-forming glycolipid, on the contrary, the complex coacervate disassembles into free polyelecrolyte coexisting with the equilibrium fiber phase. Last but not least, this work also demonstrates the use of microbial glycolipid biosurfactants in the development of sustainable PESCs.<p> </p>

scholarly journals A time-domain phase diagram of metastable states in a charge ordered quantum material

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ravnik ◽  
Michele Diego ◽  
Yaroslav Gerasimenko ◽  
Yevhenii Vaskivskyi ◽  
Igor Vaskivskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Metastable States ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Photon Density ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractMetastable self-organized electronic states in quantum materials are of fundamental importance, displaying emergent dynamical properties that may be used in new generations of sensors and memory devices. Such states are typically formed through phase transitions under non-equilibrium conditions and the final state is reached through processes that span a large range of timescales. Conventionally, phase diagrams of materials are thought of as static, without temporal evolution. However, many functional properties of materials arise as a result of complex temporal changes in the material occurring on different timescales. Hitherto, such properties were not considered within the context of a temporally-evolving phase diagram, even though, under non-equilibrium conditions, different phases typically evolve on different timescales. Here, by using time-resolved optical techniques and femtosecond-pulse-excited scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we track the evolution of the metastable states in a material that has been of wide recent interest, the quasi-two-dimensional dichalcogenide 1T-TaS2. We map out its temporal phase diagram using the photon density and temperature as control parameters on timescales ranging from 10−12 to 103 s. The introduction of a time-domain axis in the phase diagram enables us to follow the evolution of metastable emergent states created by different phase transition mechanisms on different timescales, thus enabling comparison with theoretical predictions of the phase diagram, and opening the way to understanding of the complex ordering processes in metastable materials.

Emergence of a Promiscuous Peroxidase Under Non‐Equilibrium Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Pal ◽  
Antara Reja ◽  
Subhajit Bal ◽  
Baishakhi Tikader ◽  
Dibyendu Das
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Non Equilibrium

scholarly journals Quantification of fast molecular adhesion by fluorescence footprinting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam B. Yasunaga ◽  
Isaac T.S. Li
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Ligand Dissociation ◽  
Molecular Adhesion ◽  
Molecular Force ◽  
Adhesion Complex ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractRolling adhesion is a unique process in which the adhesion events are short-lived and operate under highly non-equilibrium conditions. These characteristics pose a challenge in molecular force quantification, where in situ measurement of such forces cannot be achieved with most molecular force sensors that probe near equilibrium. In this report, we demonstrated a quantitative adhesion footprint assay combining DNA-based non-equilibrium force probes and modelling to measure the molecular force involved in fast rolling adhesion. We were able to directly profile the ensemble molecular force distribution during rolling adhesion with a dynamic range between 0 – 18 pN. Our results showed that the shear stress driving bead rolling motility directly controls the molecular tension on the probe-conjugated adhesion complex. Furthermore, the shear stress can steer the dissociation bias of components within the molecular force probe complex, favouring either DNA probe dissociation or receptor-ligand dissociation.

scholarly journals Formation of Hydrides in the Surface Layer of Aluminum in NonEquilibrium Conditions of Electrolyte Plasma

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
L. Fedorenkova
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Layer ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Polymorphic Modifications ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Aluminum Hydrides ◽  
Micromechanical Characteristics ◽  
Nonequilibrium Conditions ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In this paper, the formation of a diffusion layer on aluminum, which includes aluminum hydrides, in non-equilibrium conditions of electrolyte plasma with high local temperatures, high heating and cooling rates were studied. As a result of the research it was obtained that in the diffusion layer formed complex nanosized inclusions of polymorphic modifications (AlН3)n and AlB3H12. The diffusion in the non-equilibrium conditions of the electrolyte plasma is carried out in hydrogen environment, where the hydrogen atoms have the greatest energy and is one of the main forces that activate the diffusion process and influence the structure, composition and micromechanical characteristics of the diffusion layer.

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